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Biology > Inheritance > Flashcards

Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genome

A

Entire DNA of an organism

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2
Q

Gene

A

section of DNA that codes for a specific protein

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

contains chromosomes in which genes are located

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4
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of the same gene

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5
Q

Dominant

A

the allele that is expressed in a phenotype of a heterozygote

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6
Q

Recessive

A

the allele that is not expressed in a phenotype of a heterozygote

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7
Q

Homozygous

A

When someone has 2 identical alleles of a gene

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8
Q

Heterozygous

A

When someone has 2 different alleles of a gene

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9
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical features as a result from a genotyp

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10
Q

Genotype

A

the alleles each gene has for a certain feature

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11
Q

Monohybrid Inheritance

A

The inheritance of a single characteristic

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12
Q

Sex chromosomes in a female

A

XX

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13
Q

Sex chromosomes in a male

A

XY

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14
Q

What is sex determination based on?

A

Sperm - if an X sperm or Y sperm fertilises the egg

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15
Q

Human diploid number

A

46

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16
Q

Human haploid number

A

23

17
Q

What is a DNA molecule made up of?

A

2 strands coiled together to form a double helix
Complementary bases: A, T. C,G

18
Q

Bases in DNA

A

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)

19
Q

What is an RNA made up of?

A

Single stranded
Thymine replaced by Uracil

20
Q

Codominance

A

When both alleles in a genotype are expressed in the phenotype

21
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

Characteristics that are controlled by multiple genes

22
Q

Types of cell division

A

Mitosis
Meiosis

23
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division in body cells to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells (dipoid)

24
Q

When does mitosis occur?

A

growth, repair, cloning and asexual reproduction

25
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A
  1. Chromatids duplicate = chromosomes
  2. Line up at centre of cell and form spindle fibres
  3. Seperate arms of chromosome
  4. Divide
26
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division in gametes to produce 4 non-genetically identical daughter cells (haploid)

27
Q

When does meiosis occur?

A

Gametes
Sexual reproduction

28
Q

Stages of Meiosis

A
  1. Chromatids duplicate = chromosomes
  2. Line up in pairs at centre of cells
  3. Divide = 2 cells
  4. Line up at centre and form spindle fibres
  5. Seperate arms of chromosomes
  6. Divide
  7. 4 daughter cells
29
Q

What can variation within a species be?

A

Genetic
Environmental
Both

30
Q

Mutation

A

rare, random change in genetic material
can be inherited
Have no effect on the phenotype

31
Q

What can a change in DNA cause?

A

affect the phenotype by altering the sequence of amino acids in a protein

32
Q

Types of Mutations

A

substitutions, deletions and insertions

33
Q

How can the chance of mutations be increased?

A
  • exposure to ionising radiation (for example, gamma rays, x-rays and ultraviolet rays)
  • chemical mutagens (for example, chemicals in tobacco)
34
Q

Darwin’s Theory of evolution through natural selection

A

Life begins at simple organisms from which more complex organisms evolved

35
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process where certain individuals in a population survive due to being better adapted to the environment

36
Q

Process of Natural Selection

A
  1. There is variation in the characteristics of organisms within a species
  2. Changing conditions in the environment favour one particular characteristic.
  3. The frequency of the gene for this characteristic increases as it is best adapted to the environment. These survive + reproduce = survival of the fittest
  4. The frequency of the less adapted gene decreases.
  5. Over time, the gene that increases survival becomes more common in the population
37
Q

Survival of the Fittest

A

Survival of the individuals that will leave the most offspring (reproduce) in later generations

Biology (30 decks)

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