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Biology > Respiration + Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Respiration + Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

Aerobic Respiration

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zm6rd2p/revision/1

A

The release of a relatively large amount of energy in
cells by the breakdown of glucose in the presence of
oxygen

Occurs in all cells (mitochondria)

Key: Different to breathing/ventilation

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2
Q

Aerobic Respiration equation

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

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3
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

It is the release of a relatively small amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen.
Glucose is not completely broken down, so much less energy is released than during aerobic respiration.

Build-up of lactic acid in muscles during vigorous exercise -> oxidised later to carbon dioxide and water

This causes an oxygen debt - excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) - ‘repaid’ after the exercise stops -> we keep breathing deeply for a few minutes after finished exercising.

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4
Q

Anaerobic Respiration equation - in animals

A

Glucose -> Lactic Acid

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5
Q

Anaerobic Respiration equation - in plants/yeasts

A

Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

  • Used during brewing, bread making
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6
Q

Inhalation

A

Intercostal muscles: Contract
Ribs: move up and out
Diaphragm: Pulled flat

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7
Q

Exhalation

A

Intercostal Muscles; relax
Ribs: Down and In
Diaphragm: Dome - shaped (goes up)

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8
Q

ATP

A

ATP provides energy for cells

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9
Q

Experiment: Production of Carbon Dioxide by small organisms

A
  1. Soak dried beans in water for a few days (so they start to germinate
  2. Put hydrogen carbonate indicator, gauze and beans in test tube with rubber bung.
  3. Because beans are respiring, hydrogen carbonate indicator will go from orange (atmospheric levels) -> yellow (presence of CO2)

Control: Glass beads

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10
Q

Experiment: Production of heat by small organisms

A
  1. Soak dried beans in water for a few days (so they start to germinate
  2. Boil different batch of peas to denature enzymes
  3. Wash peas in bleach to remove microbes, then distilled water
  4. Put both peas in vacuum flask with thermometer and seal with cotton wool (allows CO2 to escape)
  5. Measure initial temp and final temp
  6. Increase in temp in vacuum flask with soaked peas as they are respiring
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11
Q

Adaptations of Alveolus for gas exchange

A
  • High Surface Area
  • Thin walls (1 cell thick) = short diffusion distance
  • Good blood supply = maintains steep conc. gradient
  • Permeable Walls = even gas diffusion
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12
Q

What happens in an alveolus

A

Gas Exchange (between air in lungs and blood in capillaries)
O2 diffuses out
CO2 diffuses in

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13
Q

Biological Consequences of Smoking

A
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14
Q

Chemicals in Cigarettes

A
  • Tar
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Tobacco
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15
Q

Chemicals in Cigarettes - Tar

A

Paralyses/destroys cilia so mucus cannot be sept out of lungs = smokers cough

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16
Q

Chemicals in Cigarettes - Carbon Monoxide

A

Binds irreversibly to haemoglobin so reduces capacity of blood to carry oxygen

17
Q

Chemicals in Cigarettes - Nicotine

A

Narrows blood vessels = increases blood pressure + heart rate

18
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

when your coronary arteries become narrowed by a build-up of fatty material within their walls.
So less blood to heart, so less oxygen to heart
So muscle cells respire less
Build up of lactic acid from anaerobic respiration
Heart attack

19
Q

Lung diseases

A

Emphysema
Bronchitis

20
Q

Emphysema

A

Reduces S.A of alveoli -> less oxygen into the blood causing shortness of breath

21
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of bronchi -> shortness of breath

22
Q

How do plants exchange gases

A

Diffusion

23
Q

Gas exchange in plants

A
  • When plants photosynthesise, they use up CO2, and produce O2 as a waste product
  • When plants respire, they use up O2, and produce CO2 as a waste product
24
Q

How does O2 leave the plant as a waste product of photosynthesis?

A

Diffuses out of stomata

25
Q

How does CO2 leave the plant as a waste product of respiration?

A

Diffuses out of stomata

26
Q

Structure of Stomata

A

2 guard cells, and gap in middle is stomatal pore

27
Q

Changes in guard cells for retainment and loss of water

A

Flaccid: flat so stomatal pore closes, retaining water. Occurs in low water supply

Turgid: stomatal pore open, letting water out. Occurs in high water supply

28
Q

What happens in daytime (photosynthesis + respiration)?

A

Plants photosynthesise -> O2 out
Plants use more CO2 than they release -> take in CO2

29
Q

What happens in nighttime (photosynthesis + respiration)?

A

Plants respire -> release CO2
No light, so no photosynthesis

30
Q

Structure of Leaf

A

Upper Epidermis
Palisade Mesophyll
Spongy Mesophyll
Lower Epidermis

31
Q

Adaptations of Leaf for photosynthesis: Upper epidermis

A

Transparent for light to pass through

32
Q

Adaptations of Leaf for Photosynthesis: Palisade Mesophyll

A

Lots of chloroplasts

33
Q

Adaptations of Leaf for Photosynthesis: Spongy Mesophyll

A

Gaps for even diffusion of gases

34
Q

Adaptations of Leaf for Photosynthesis: Cuticle

A

Waxy to reduce waterloss

35
Q

Practical: Investigating the effect of light on net gas exchange from a leaf, using hydrogen-carbonate indicator

A
  1. Put hydrogen carbonate indicator in 3 test tubes
  2. Tube A - No leaf (control tube)
    Tube B - Leaf in the tube and leave in the light
    Tube C - Leaf in the tube and wrap in aluminium foil (no light)

Tube A = orange
Tube B = purple
Tube C = yellow

36
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

There is a high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli and a low concentration of oxygen in the blood, so oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood.

37
Q

Practical: Investigating the effect of exercise on breathing rate of humans

A
  1. rest and exercise
  2. Count number of breaths per minute
  3. for time / seconds / minutes / eq;
  4. quantification of exercise / jog for 5 minutes/do 10 press ups;
  5. repeat (for reliability);

Biology (30 decks)

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