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Biology > Excretion - The Kidneys > Flashcards

Excretion - The Kidneys Flashcards

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1
Q

Organs of Excretion

A

Lungs
Kidneys
Skin

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2
Q

Excretory product of lungs

A

CO2

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3
Q

Excretory product of Kidneys

A

Urea

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4
Q

Excretory products of skin

A

Water, salt, urea

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5
Q

What does urine contain

A

Water
Ions
Urea

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6
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of metabolic waste from the body

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7
Q

Examples of Metabolic waste produced by humans

A

CO2 + water from aerobic respiration

Urea produced by the breakdown of excess proteins in liver

Other substances in excess e.g. medical drugs (e.g. antibiotics) and dietary minerals (e.g. sodium)

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8
Q

Dangers of metabolic waste

A

Toxicity - e.g. CO2 dissolves in water and makes cells acidic -> reduces enzyme activity, lowering rate of metabolic reactions

Osmotic effect - body fluids can become more concentrated due to higher amounts of waste products -> causes water to move out of cells, preventing them from carrying out essential reactions

Uses up necessary storage - needed for useful molecules

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9
Q

Main functions of the urinary system

A

Osmoregulation
Excretion

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10
Q

What does the urinary system do?

A

Removes excess water and urea from the blood.
Creates, stores, and releases urine from the body

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11
Q

What is the urinary system made up of?

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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12
Q

Parts of kidney

A

Cortex
Nephrons
Medulla
Renal Artery
Renal Vein
Renal Pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

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13
Q

Parts of kidney: Cortex

A

The outer layer of the kidney
Has filters called nephrons which filter the blood

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14
Q

Parts of kidney: Medulla

A

The middle layer of the kidney
Has tubes carrying filtered waste to the centre of the kidney

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15
Q

Parts of kidney: Renal Pelvis

A

Area of the kidney where connecting tubes join and connect to the ureter

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16
Q

Parts of kidney: Ureter

A

tube which transports urine to the bladder

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17
Q

Parts of kidney: Urethra

A

Transports urine out of the body

18
Q

Parts of a nephron

A

Renal Artery
Bowmans capsule
Glomerules
Proximal convoluted tube
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tube
Collecting ducts

19
Q

Ultrafiltration

A
  1. Arterioles branching off the renal artery lead to each nephron
  2. These flow to the glomerules (bundle of capillaries inside the Bowmans capsule)
  3. The capillaries get narrower, increasing the pressure of the blood.
  4. This causes small molecules (water, urea, ions, glucose) to be pushed out of the blood into the bowman’s capsule producing a glomerular filtrate
  5. Large molecules (e.g. protein and blood cells) remain in the blood due to membranes between blood vessels acting as filters
  6. Some of the substances pushed out are useful so are reabsorbed later on in the kidney = selective reabsorption
20
Q

What is reabsorbed during selective reabsorption?

A

Glucose
Ions/salt
Water

21
Q

What is reabsorbed during selective reabsorption?

A

Glucose
Ions/salt
Water

22
Q

Where is glucose reabsorbed?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

23
Q

By what process is glucose reabsorbed?

A

Active Transport

24
Q

Adaptations of proximal convoluted tubule for reabsorption of glucose

A

Many mitochondria to produce energy (for active transport of glucose)

25
Q

Why can reabsorption of glucose only occur in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

The gate for active transport of glucose are found here

26
Q

People with diabetes and reabsorption of glucose

A

People without diabetes reabsorb all glucose
People with diabetes have high glucose levels so cannot reabsorb all glucose -> it remains in the urine. This is why doctors check during glucose levels to check if someone has diabetes

27
Q

Where are ions/salts reabsorbed

A

Loop of Henle

28
Q

By what process are ions/salts reabsorbed?

A

Diffusion

29
Q

Where is water reabsorbed

A

Loop of Henle and collecting duct

30
Q

By what process is water reabsorbed

A

Osmosis

31
Q

How is water reabsorbed in collecting duct

A

In different amounts, depending on how much water the body needs

32
Q

Osmoregulation

A

the process of maintaining water and salt concentrations (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body.

33
Q

What is osmoregulation an example of?

A

Homeostasis

34
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment. In order to maintain optimal conditions for enzyme activity/cell functions

35
Q

Importance of osmoregulation

A

Cytoplasm contains a lot of water
Maintaining water levels in the body is important to prevent changes to the body cells due to osmosis

36
Q

What happens if a cell if there is excess water in the blood

A

Causes cells to swell and burst

37
Q

What happens if a cell has too little water in the blood/ too high of an ion concentration

A

Causes cells to lose water and destroys cells

38
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

Pituitary Gland

39
Q

How does ADH aid osmoregulation?

A

Controls water reabsorption by the nephrons -> example of negative feedback

40
Q

What happens when blood water levels increase?

A
  1. Detected by hypothalamus
  2. Less ADH produced by pituitary gland
  3. Collecting duct wall becomes less permeable to water so less water reabsorbed into blood
  4. Urine is more diluted
41
Q

What happens when blood water levels decrease?

A
  1. Detected by hypothalamus
  2. More ADH produced by pituitary gland
  3. Collecting duct wall becomes more permeable to water so more water reabsorbed into blood
  4. Urine is concentrated

Biology (30 decks)

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