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KSUCPM NEURO > TRANSDUCTION > Flashcards

TRANSDUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

name this definition for sensory receptors

mechanical, thermal, chemical, visual, auditory

A

modality specific

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2
Q

name this definition for sensory receptors

determined by its strength (must be an adequate stimulus)

A

intensity

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3
Q

name this definition for sensory receptors

the difference in magnitude necessary to discriminate a reference stimuli from a second stimulus increased above the intensity of the reference stimulus. Localizes where the stimulus is coming from

A

detectibility

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4
Q

name this definition for sensory receptors

diminishes with time

A

duration of a sensation

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5
Q

name this definition for sensory receptors

conversion and amplification of sensory stimulus energy into an electrical signal

A

transduction

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6
Q

free nerve endings, merkels disks, Ruffini’s end bulbs, krauses endbulbs (warmth and cold)

A

slow adapting

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7
Q

meissner’s and pacinian corpuscles, hair follicle which respond best to changing stimuli

A

rapid adapting

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8
Q

what are the functional types of receptors?

A

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, electromagnetic, chemoreceptors, nociceptors

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9
Q

what are the non encapsulated anatomical type receptors?

A

free nerve endings
merkels discs
hair follicle receptors

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10
Q

what are the encapsulated anatomical type receptors?

A

meissner’s corpuscles
pacinian corpuscles
ruffini’s corpuscles

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11
Q

this type of anatomical type receptor detects warmth nd cold (all skin)

A

krauses end bulbs

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12
Q

this neuromuscular receptor responds to muscle stretch

A

muscle spindle

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13
Q

this neuromuscular receptor responds to tendon stretch?

A

Golgi tendon organ

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14
Q

this neuromuscular receptor responds to stretch of skin

A

ruffini corpuscle

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15
Q

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage.

in general terms, we can distinguish two dimensions or components of pain, sensory discriminative and affective emotional

A

pain

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16
Q

this is the process by which information about a noxious stimulus is conveyed to the brain?

A

nociception

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17
Q

what are the different types of pain?

A

nociceptive
neuropathic
inflammatory

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18
Q

name this type of pain?

represents the normal response to noxious insult or injury of tissues such as skin, muscles, visceral organs, joints and tendons

A

nociceptive

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19
Q

name this type of pain?

the pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or disease in the somatosensory nervous system

A

neuropathic

20
Q

a result of the activation and sensitization of the nociceptive pain pathway by a variety of mediators released at a site of tissue inflammation

A

inflammatory

21
Q

how is pain intensity categorized?

A

mild, moderate severe

22
Q

what is pain duration?

A

time course

23
Q

what is pain less than 3 to 6 months in duration

A

acute pain

24
Q

what is pain lasting for more than 3-6 months or persisting beyond the course of an acute disease or after tissue healing is complete

A

chronic pain

25
Q

acute pain flare superimposed on the underlying chronic pain

A

acute on chronic pain

26
Q

what are the afferent fibers for pain? what do they release?

A

thinly myelinated, faster conducting A delta fibers (first pain)
unmyelinated slowly conducting C fibers (second pain)

glutamate or substance P

27
Q

how are pain and temperature sensations from the periphery transmitted? what are the components and what is formed as a result of this?

A

to higher centers via ascending sensory tracts

GSA and GVA forming the anterolateral system

28
Q

what comprises the anterolateral system?

A 
spinothalamic tract
spinoreticular tract
spinotectal tract
spinomesencepalic tract
spinobulbar tract
spinohypothalamic tract
29
Q

what are the primary ascending pathways for pain?

A

spinothalamic tracts

  • lateral spinothalamic tract
  • anterior spinothalamic tract

dorsolateral tract of Lissauer

30
Q

name this theory:

C and Adelta afferents of there 1st order nociceptive neurons, that terminate in the substantia gelatinosa relay nociceptive impulses by inhibiting SG interneurons?

A

Gate control threory via modulation of nociception

31
Q

these types of fibers stimulate inhibitory interneurons and the 2nd order neurons of the spinothalamic tract

A

Aa and Ab (Ia and Ib) fibers (large touch pressure, proprioceptive 1st order neurons) that stimulate inhibitory interneurons and the 2nd order neurons of the spinothalamic tract

these interneurons establish presynaptic inhibitory synapses with the C, Adelta, Aalpha, or Abeta fibers preventing the impulses from being transmitted to the 2nd order neuron

32
Q

what are the descending pathways that modulate pain?

A

periaqueductal gray

nucleus raphe magnus (serotonergic)

locus ceruleus (noradrenergic)

33
Q

what are the theories of referred pain?

A

convergence projection theory

concept of referred pain

34
Q

GVA and GSA afferent fibers terminate at the same spinal cord level, and converge and synapse on the same interneurons and or second order projection neurons

A

convergence projection theory

35
Q

suggests that the GVA 1st order neurons continuously stimulate 2nd order projection neurons which transmit nociceptive sensory input from somatic structures via the spin-reticular fibers to the reticular formation, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Input transmitted to the somatosensory cortex which receives somatic sensory input from somatic structures and this misinterprets the source of origin of the nociceptive input

A

concept of referred pain

36
Q

when non-nociceptive stimuli are perceived as being painful

A

allodynia

37
Q

implies increased sensitivity in the area of the damaged tissue

A

primary hyperalgesia

38
Q

increased sensitivity in tissues adjacent tot eh actual site of tissue damage. Due to release of certain substances from the damaged tissue which make the receptors more excitable

A

secondary hyperalgesia

39
Q

when are secondary hyperalgesic agents released?

A

by mast cells when nearby cells are injured which are neuropeptides

40
Q

what are the secondary hyperalgesic agents?

A 
bradykinin
prostaglandins
substance P 
Calcitonin gene
histamine and serotonin
41
Q

name this secondary hyperalgesic agent

from the proteolytic breakdown of extracellular kinogens. also a potent vasodilator

A

bradykinin

42
Q

name this secondary hyperalgesic agent

from the enzymatic breakdown of lipid membranes

A

prostaglandins

43
Q

name this secondary hyperalgesic agent

added NTs in nociceptors generated by extreme nociceptor activity

leads to vasodilation
PG, histmine and cytokine release
stimulates angiogenesis

A

substance P and calcitonin gene

44
Q

name this secondary hyperalgesic agent

released by mast cells through the stimulation of substance P leading to increased sensitization and vasodilation

A

histamine and serotonin

45
Q

this is found in spicy foods and seasonings; causing an increase in the release of substance P. In high concentrations used as a topical rub

A

capsaicin

46
Q

what is another ascending pathway we talked about in which the these sensory impulses for visceral pains caused by ischemia leads to smooth muscle spasm or distension.

A

viscerosensory tract

47
Q

this ascending tract enters the spinal cord through the anterior roots

A

viscerosensory tract

KSUCPM NEURO (54 decks)

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