SLEEP Flashcards
what are the four basic levels of the brains awareness of the external world?
wakefulness
slow wave sleep broken into 4 phases
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
coma
what stages and waves define light sleep?
stage 1- theta waves
stage 2- spindle waves
what stages define deep sleep or coma?
stage 3
stage 4- delta waves
REM- dream
what defines the slow wave sleep?
light sleep
deep sleep or coma
this is the stage of sleep where we have a feeling of drowsiness, EEG exhibits low amplitude and low frequency waves (theta waves)
stage I
describe the waves of the brain in an alert status?
very low amplitude
high frequency spikes
cortical neurons fire individually and not in a coordinated manner
this is the stage of sleep that continues with low frequency, low amplitude EEG waves but with intermittent sleep spindles (high in amplitude) and higher frequency alpha waves
stage II
these stages of sleep exhibit slow waves of increasing amplitude (less than 5 per second, these are delta waves)
stage III and stage IV
which period of sleep are hormones like growth hormones released to help build up body mass?
periods of deep sleep stages III and IV
REM sleep is also known as?
paradoxical sleep that can happen 4-5 times a night
period of sleep that is most difficult to awaken a person, this is also when we see changes in the body, like increased autonomic outflow like increased heart rate, respiratory rate, erection and ejaculation
REM sleep
this is the period of sleep when bruxism is present?
REM sleep
*grind, gnash or clench your teeth
this triggers the onset of sleep?
Dorsal Raphe which drives the cortex into slow wave sleep
serotonin levels are high or low when dream?
low
since dorsal raphe activity is low during the REM episode, what begins in increase firing?
locus coeruleus
the locus coeruleus is a source of what?
noradrenergic transmission in the brain
LSD inhibits the neurons of _____?
dorsal raphe nucleus causing the activity to drop to zero so this decreases serotonin levels and increases epinephrine levels causing hallucinations in the awake state
the key structure in arousal is the _____?
reticular formation of the reticular activating system (RAS)
these experiments helped to determine other structures involved in arousal?
midbrain
non-specific thalamic nuclei
reticular activating system
brain stem reticular formation
what are the most potent inputs?
pain and propioception
T/F, awakening is a faster process than falling asleep?
T
what is the effect in the damage to the RAS?
coma and intracranial swelling
what is the affect of damage to the substantia nigra?
semi comatose state as a result in decrease motor activity due to affect of lack of dopamine produced
this structure of the brain is also important in alertness and arousal with input to the pineal gland, emotion and sleep pattern?
hypothalamus
name this level of alertness:
awake and unfocused?
daydreaming
name this level of alertness:
overattentive to all input?
distracted
name this level of alertness:
the ability to focus so much on one input that we ignore others?
concentration
name this level of alertness:
the ability to focus on particular sensory inputs or thoughts is controlled in large part by this formation?
pontine reticular formation
in falling back to sleep, we know the dorsal raphe begins to fire, what is activated?
neurons in the medulla in the region of the area postrema which inhibits the RAS, NST and cortex
name this sleep disorder:
seen in 1-6% of the population and occurs during stage III and IV sleep, most common in children and males and disappears as they get older
treated with?
sonambulism or sleep walking
benzodiazepines
name this sleep disorder:
more severe than nightmares and occur within 15-30 minutes of falling asleep, occur in stage IV sleep? if this happens in REM what is it called?
night terrors
nightmares
name this sleep disorder:
the cessation of normal breathing during sleep is common in babies from 1-3 months of age and implicated in sudden infant death syndrome? This occurs in REM sleep
sleep apnea
name this sleep disorder:
this is sudden onset and attack of irresistible sleep, brief duration. Accompanied with cataplexy, sleep paralysis and hallucinations and triggered by monotonous situations and can be triggered by tension or just laughing?
narcolepsy
