HYPO/LS

Question 1

what are the structures that make up the limbic system?

Answer 1

hippocampus
fornix
amygdala
septal nuclei
regions of the hypothalamus
brainstem (reticular formation, biogenic amine nuclei)
cortex (temporal, enforhinal, frontal lobes, parahippocampal, cingulate gyri)

Question 2

what are the central set of interconnections of the limbic system? what exists here? name the paths (2)?

Answer 2

Panez circuit

outflow from the hippocampus

afferent path to the thalamus onto the cortex then transmitted back to the hippocampus

leaves the hippocampus, travels by way of the fornix and amygdala to the hypothalamus and back to the hippocampus

Question 3

what is the effect of the limbic system on daily living?

Answer 3

emotional changes can alter hypothalamic and endocrine function

hypothalamic activity can alter emotions

depression can alter sleep and wake states

Question 4

what causes frontal lobe dysfunction?

Answer 4

tertiary syphilis

Question 5

what causes temporal lobe dysfunction?

Answer 5

kluver bucy syndrome

temporal lobe epilepsy

Question 6

this syndrome is characterized by overattentiveness to any stimulus like a fixation on a lit match, hyperorality, lack of visual association, indiscriminant sexual hyperactivity and a change in aggression

Answer 6

kluver bucy syndrome

Question 7

what are the seizures of temporal lobe epilepsy called?

Answer 7

psychomotor seizures

Question 8

what are the two NTs associated with disease states of the limbic system?

Answer 8

catecholamines norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus and dopamine from the substantia nigra

serotonin from the raphe nuclei

Question 9

drugs that affect these systems (chemical dysfunctions of the NT systems) are broken down into these four primary classifications?

Answer 9

antipsychotics
anxiolytics
antidepressants
stimulants

Question 10

drugs used to treat schizophrenia?

Answer 10

chlorpromazine
haloperidol
clozapine

Question 11

inappropriate emotional content, such as laughing while recounting a tragic event, flat effect, hallucinations, delusions

Answer 11

schizophrenia

Question 12

how does schizophrenia occur?

Answer 12

psychotic episode preceded by prodromal signs divided into two types:

catatonic schizophrenia
paranoid schizophrenia

Question 13

this type of psychotic episode is when the patient may be mute and exhibit abnormal postures?

Answer 13

catatonic schizophrenia

Question 14

this type of psychotic episode is where the patient exhibits delusions of persecution?

Answer 14

paranoid schizophrenia

Question 15

this is a disorder where the normal affective responses of disappointment, sadness, grief, and despair become intense and long lasting?

Answer 15

depression

Question 16

depression can be broken down into what two categories?

Answer 16

unipolar

bipolar (bouts of mania)

Question 17

what treatments can be used to treat depression and mania?

Answer 17

MAO inhibitors, like phenelzine
tricyclic compounds (imipramine and amitriptyline)
serotonin reuptake inhibitors (fluoxetine and others)

bipolar can be treated with lithium, mixed function antidepressants (adrenergic and serotonergic agonists), post synaptic responses mediated by cAMP synthesis called phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Question 18

what are used for treating and preventing panic attacks?

Answer 18

tricyclic and MAOi antidepressants

Question 19

less form of aberrant anxiety? how is this treated?

Answer 19

generalized anxiety disorder

benzodiazepines (diazepam-valium; chlordiazepoxide-librium)

Question 20

term used to describe a feeling we have when we are tired, but sometimes we need to combat the loss of concentration and information processing with this? often times treated with stimulants

Answer 20

drowsiness

Question 21

what can also have a seductive like effect and produce drowsiness?

Answer 21

antidepressants