topic.9.theheart and the circulatory system powerpoint9.0 the heart Flashcards
What provides the body’s front-line defense against diseases?
A. plasma
B. erythrocyte
C. leukocytes
D. platelets
leukocytes
Plasma is an aqueous solution of proteins, ions, nutrient molecules, and gases (91% water)
Erythrocytes (rbc) are oxygen carriers
Platelets trigger clotting, bring more platelets to exposed collagen
Why are erythrocytes able to contain hemoglobin?
Mature erythrocytes have no nucleus or organelles, which allow space for hemoglobin.
Which contains hemoglobin?
A. plasma
B. erythrocyte
C. leukocytes
D. platelets
B. erythrocyte
blood is a type of epithelial tissue T/F
false, blood is a fluid connective tissue involving blood cells suspended in a fluid matrix
What are the three types of blood cells?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
Human blood cells develop in red bone marrow of vertebrae, sternum, ribs, pelvis. Human blood cells arise from pluripotent cells. T/F
false, it arises from multipotent cells
Select all that arise solely from myeloid stem cell
A. platelets
B. erythrocyte
C. leukocytes
D. Lymphoid stem cell
A + B
Because blood cells arise from multipotent cells which then are subdivided into myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells, this explains why D is wrong. As for C, leukocytes are granular or agranular so subcategories can fall into both
cholesterol and triglycerides are ____ that are not soluble in water
lipids
Plasma contains plasma proteins.
Fibrinogen: antibodies+ transports lipids T/F
False:
Globulins: antibodies + transports lipids
Albumins: osmotic balance, pH, transport hormones
Fibrinogen: blood clotting
What are the 5 plasma ions?
A.I+
B.K+
C.OH-
D.Na+
E. Hg2+
F.Ca2+
G.Cl-
H.SO42-
J.HCO3-
Na+, K+, Ca 2+, Cl-, HCO3-
Anemia refers to an abnormally ___
low hematocrit
hematocrit aka packed cell volume(PCV) and erythrocyte volume fraction (EVF) is volume percentage of red blood cells in blood
when you centrifuge blood, what would three layers look like?
top : plasma
middle: leukocytes + platelets
bottom: erythrocytes aka hematocrit
What is the difference/similarity between a atria and ventricles?
Similarity: chambers of the heart
Atria or Atrium: thin wall, top of heart, receives the blood
ventricles: thick wall, bottom of heart, responsible for pumping the blood out of the heart.
Heart is a ___ chambered pump. Consisting of _ atria and __ ventricles
four-chambered pump
2 ventricles
2 atria
T/F semilunar vales (VL) are valves between the atria and ventricles
False:
Atrioventricular (AV) valves between atria and ventricles
Semilunar (SL) valves between ventricles and aorta / pulmonary arteries
Blood is pumped in what two separate circuits?
Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit
What is the difference between pulmonary vein and artery?
Pulmonary vein: blood into
pulmonary artery: blood away
What is the phrase that allows us to remember the function of arteries?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
describe the blood flow throw the heart
deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior/inferior vena cava. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Blood passes through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery where it gets sent to the lungs. oxygenated blood retunrs through pulmonary veins into left atrium. Blood passes through the mitral valve into left ventricle. Blood passes through aortic valve into aorta
The pulmonary system carries _____ away from the heart and into the lungs. The systemic system carries ____ into the heart
deoxygenated, oxygenated
Explain the pressure we would see in a chart representing the systemic system
The systemic system represents blood pressure in the arteries. See that each rise[systolic pressure] is the heart contracting and falling is heart relaxing[diastolic pressure]. However, the pressure never falls to zero.
Would you expect arteries or veins to having a higher pressure?
arteries because they have thick walls that allow them to withstand the high pressure generated by the heart during systole (contraction). This is known as systolic pressure. Veins are thin.
in a pulmonary circuit the pressure is __
lower
What are the advantages of having a pulmonary system and systemic system?
The pulmonary circuit has lower pressure for the exchange pathway, preventing fluid leakage into the lungs.
What are the two equations for the transport system in the heart?
Flow= ΔP/ R
R= 8Ln/ pi x r^4
Keeping these relationships in mind: What
will be the effect on fluid flow of increasing
the radius r by a factor of 2?
A. Flow will decrease by a factor of 4.
B. Flow will decrease by a factor of 8.
C. Flow will increase by a factor of 4.
D. Flow will increase by a factor of 16
D. Flow will increase by a factor of 16
What is a dramatic effect?
changing the diameter of a blood vessel can influence flow,
hint: use both equations
What is the difference between systole and diastole?
SYSTOLE: the ventricles contract and generate pressure to overcome the afterload.
DIASTOLE: Ventricle relaxing
What is the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?
Systolic pressure
-Contraction of ventricles pushes blood into arteries at peak pressure
Diastolic pressure
-Between ventricular contractions, blood pressure in arteries falls to a
minimum pressure
cardiac cycle is also called the
Systole–diastole sequence
How do you read bp?
blood pressure reading, systolic pressure is always the top number, while diastolic pressure is the bottom number.
140/90 (-50)
how do we measure blood pressure?
cuff is pumped until the blood flow of the larger artery is cut off, until the thumping sound disappears.
*Systolic pressure is measured when thumping begins.
*Diastolic pressure is measured when the thumping sound disappears.
afterload
amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic semilunar valve and push blood into circulation.
Systole related to preload t/f
false
systole: afterload
diastole: preload
preload
left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole.
In the cardiac cycle, we can expect the ___ to be consistently low
atrial pressure below blood is constantly filling it
explains steps in cardiac cycle
- heart relaxed and atria begin to fill with blood, AV/ SL are closed
- Av valves are opened and ventricles begin to fill
- atria contracts and ventricles completely fill
- ventricles contract, closing AV
- ventricles contract fully forcing SL valves open and ejecting blood into arteries.
explain how ventricular pressure and aortic pressure would look in the cardiac cycle?
Aortic pressure will always be relatively high because there is always blood in it, it will only spike when ventricles begin to contract and close the AV.
Ventricular pressure will always be as low as atrial pressure until it spikes to aortic pressure range once ventricles begin to contract, closing AV.
What is stroke volume?
is the amount of blood ejected per beat from left ventricle
and measured in ml/beat
What is the equation to calculate stroke volume?
SV=EDV-ESV
EDV: end diastolic volume: volume of blood in ventricle after filling phase
ESV: end systolic volume: blood left in the ventricle after contraction
cardiac output
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the
heart in 1 minute measured in L/min
If stroke volume increases, cardiac out put increases T/F
If either heart rate or stroke volume increase, or both,
cardiac output increases also
How would cardiac output (CO in L/min) be related to
Stroke Volume (which is volume per beat: SV in L) and Heart
Rate (HR in beats per minute)?
CO = SV x HR
Two things that can effect cardiac output:
The amount of blood going out per beat and
The number of beats per minute.
