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BIO216 > Topic.2.Development.powerpoint.2.1.Early-Development.comparisons.in.model.organisms > Flashcards

Topic.2.Development.powerpoint.2.1.Early-Development.comparisons.in.model.organisms Flashcards

1
Q

Using a tadpole as an example, explain what each part would be for the following:
central, dorsal, left, right, anterior, posterior

A

belly would be the ventral
backside would be dorsal
head would be anterior
the tail would be posterior
right would be between anterior & dorsal
left would be between central and posterior

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2
Q

In frog embryos, sperm will always enter at the ___ pole

A

animal

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3
Q

In frog embryos, what triggers the rotation of the cell cortex which exposes the grey crescent?

A

sperm entry

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4
Q

In frog embryos, what are grey crescents?

A

They are exposed non pigmented cytoplasm, they mark the future dorsal side

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5
Q

T/F sperm enter on the dorsal side

A

False, sperm enter a side that reveals the grey crescent on the opposite side. The GC is on the dorsal side, so the opposite of the dorsal would be ventral.

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6
Q

In frogs, grey crescent has ____ needed for the normal development of blastomeres. They regulate ___ in eggs.

A

Cytoplasmic determinants; gene expression

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7
Q

what are blastomeres?

A

a cell formed by the cleavage of a fertilized ovum

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8
Q

What is the name of the first stage of early embryonic development
after fertilization in sea urchins?

A

Cleavage

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9
Q

What happens during cleavage stage in sea urchins?

A

miotic cell divisions with no significant (NO G1/G2)
It partitions the embryo into blastomeres(“smaller cells”)

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10
Q

In sea urchins, what two poles can you find?

A

Vegetal pole: region where yolk (nutrients) is concentrated
Animal pole: opposite to vegetal pole

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11
Q

What is the difference between cleavage of sea urchin and frogs?

A

Both have vegetal and animal poles, however, the distribution of yolk affects cleavage patterns in frog embryos. Frog embryos also have a cleavge furrow,

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12
Q

T/F sea urchins have smaller blastomeres at the animal pole

A

False, frogs have smaller blastomeres because the vegetal side pushes up on the grey crescent, making animal blastomeres very small

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13
Q

Compare cleavage in sea urchins vs frog

A

Sea urchins:
-yolk evenly distributed
-early cleavage results in cells of similar size
Frogs:
- yolk concentrated at vegetal pole
-cells at animal pole are smaller than those at vegetal

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14
Q

Each cell within the ___, is a called a blastomere

A

blastula

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15
Q

in sea urchins, what is the blastula stage?

A

-Produced after 5-7 cleavage divisions
-blastula consists of a hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity(or blastocoel)

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16
Q

What are the differences in blastula in a sea urchin and frog?

A

Sea urchin- blastocoel takes up most of the cell
frog- blastocoel takes up top of the blastula

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17
Q

holoblastic cleavage

A

frogs, mammals, sea urchins
cleavage furrow passes entirely through yolk

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18
Q

meroblastic cleavage

A

birds, fish, reptiles
too much yolk and furrow can’t pass through the yolk, only occurs in a small area

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19
Q

The embryo is called a blastula after it has divided a LOT. As cleavage continues, cells in ___ pole start dividing more rapidly than the __ pole. By the next day, continued cleavage has produced a hollow ball
of thousands of cells called the ____. With a fluid-filled cavity, called the ____

A

animal, vegetal, blastula, blastocoel

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20
Q

T/F: Once a blastula is formed, there are transcription of zygote genes.

A

False, must have at least 4000 to be able to do so in frog embryos

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21
Q

What allowed cleavage to take place which eventually makes a blastula?

A

Gene products(mRNA and proteins) deposited by the mother when she formed the egg

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22
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

reorganization of blastula into a multi-layered organism
-ectoderm(outer layer of embryo)
-mesoderm(middle layer of embryo)
-endoderm(inner layer of embryo)

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23
Q

Ectoderm

A

-epidermis of skin(sweat/hair)
-nervous and sensory systems
-pituitary gland and adrenal medulla
-jaws and teeth
-germ cells

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24
Q

Mesoderm

A

-skeletal and muscular systems
-circulatory
-excretory and reproductive system(except germ cell)
-dermis of skin
-adrenal cortex

25
Q

Endoderm

A

-lining of the digestive tract and associated organs
-lining of respiratory/excretory/ reproductive
-thymus, thyroid, parathyroid gland

26
Q

In frog embryos, how is the location of gastrulation initiation established?

A

Sperm entry point

27
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells

A

multipotent, turn into lots of different cell types

28
Q

In sea urchins: Mesodermal mesenchymal cells

A

migrate from vegetal pole to blastocoel, will secrete calcium carbonate to form internal skeleton

29
Q

In SEA URCHINS: When primary mesenchyme cells begin to migrate, remaining cells of the vegetal plate ______ to form the archenteron (future gut).

A

invaginate

30
Q

archenteron

A

future digestive tract formed during gastrulation running from vegetal to animal poles

31
Q

In sea urchins:
The vegetal plate is made up of endodermal cells, meaning what structure is also made up of it?

A

archenteron (future digestive tube)

32
Q

The filopodia job is to _ and _ the archenteron. They are cellular extensions that facilitate cell _ and _

A

contract and extend; attachment and migrate

33
Q

The filopoida is made up of ____

A

mesenchymal cells

34
Q

The point of invagination in sea urchin embryos is called

A

blastopore

35
Q

In sea urchins: blastopore on vegetal pole will become ____

A

anus

36
Q

What are two key features of frog gastrulation?

A

Blastopore: crease that forms on the dorsal side of late blastula
Dorsal lip: involuted region of the blastopore

37
Q

during frog gastrulation, what happens when dorsal lip moves inward?

A

Animal pole cells spread over the outer surface of the embryo

38
Q

In frog gastrulation, what happens after dorsal lip moves inward?

A

blastopore extends via invagination, making a circle and becomes an opening into the Archenteron

39
Q

In frog gastrulation, the blastopore is plugged by___

A

yolk

40
Q

In protosomes(worms), the blastopore is plugged by yolk and becomes the ___

A

mouth

41
Q

In chick gastrulation, the embryo consists of what upper and lower layer?

A

Upper:epiblast
lower:hypoblast

42
Q

T/F in chick gastulation, the embryo comes from the hypoblast

A

False, comes from the epiblast. The hypoblast cells form part of the sac that surrounds the yolk

43
Q

In chick gastrulation, we can find a primitive streak, what is it?

A

thickening found at the midline due to a
concentration of migrating cells

44
Q

In mammals, the blastula forms the ____in the next stage
of development

A

blastocyst

45
Q

The blastula forms the blastocyst by__

A

cells in the blastula arrange themselves in two layers:
the inner cell mass, and an outer layer called the trophoblast.

46
Q

Inner cell mass (ICM):

A

group of cells that develop into the embryo

47
Q

Trophoblast:

A

outer epithelium of the blastocyst; eventually forms
the fetal portion of the placenta

48
Q

In mammals, once the blastocyst reaches the uterus, how is it able to implant into endometrium?

A

Trophoblast: secretes enzymes that breakdown the lining of the uterus
(endometrium) to facilitate implantation

49
Q

In mammals, after the blastocyst is able to implant(7 days) we should see the formation of _?

A

epiblast: formed by inner cell mass; gives rise to ect, meso, endoderm and gives rise to extraembryonic mesoderm

hypoblast: formed by inner cell mass; contributes to extra embryonic membranes (such as yolk sac)

50
Q

In humans, day 10-11 and 13 what should we find?

A

extraembryonic membranes form days 10-11 and gastrulation begins day 13

51
Q

In humans,During day 10-11 what extraembryonic membrane should we see forming?

A

Chorion: extraembryonic membrane between fetus and mother;
Is the fetal part of the placenta
Gives rise to chorionic villi: allow transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood.

52
Q

In humans after gastrulation we should see:

A

Amnion
chorion
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
yolk sac
extraembryonic mesoderm-umbilical chord
allantios

53
Q

Amnion:

A

Amnion: membrane that makes the amniotic sac; protection/cushion

54
Q

Allantois:

A

sac-like structure, involved in nutrition and excretion, webbed with blood vessels, collects liquid waste from the
embryo, and exchanges gases used by the embryo

55
Q

gastrulation has produced what 4 extraembryonic membrane

A

Amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion

56
Q

Placenta:

A

temperorary organ that begins to develop after blastocyst implantation,
connects the developing
fetus to the uterine wall to
allow nutrient uptake, gas
exchange

57
Q

Placenta made up of what 3 layers

A

Amnion: innermost placental layer surrounding the fetus
Allantois: the middle layer of the placenta
Chorion: outermost layer of the placenta, comes into contact
with the endometrium

58
Q

Yolk sac:

A

membrane
outside the embryo,
connected by a tube
(the yolk stalk) through the
umbilical opening to the
embryo’s midgut; helps
with circulation;

BIO216 (39 decks)

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