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BIO216 > topic 12 power.point 12.0 > Flashcards

topic 12 power.point 12.0 Flashcards

1
Q

All animals require matter and energy for

A

metabolism, using that energy for homeostasis, growth, and metabolism

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2
Q

What does organic mean?
What are the classes of organic macromolecules?

A

Organic: molecules based on carbon, used as fuel

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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3
Q

WHat are the classes of carbohydrates?

A

1) monosaccharide
2)disaccharide
3) polysaccharides

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4
Q

What is a sugar?

A

carbon chain, Has hydroxyl groups, carbonyl group

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5
Q

What are two monosaccharides that are isomers?

A

Glucose and fructose
C6H12O6

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6
Q

When might monosaccharides form rings?

A

in aqueous solutions

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7
Q

___ are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work

A

monosaccharides

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8
Q

Disaccharide
*explain the mechanism

A

2 monosaccharides linked via a dehydration reaction

Mechanism: DEHYDRATION REACTION
hydroxyl group (-OH) from a monosaccharide and a hydrogen atom (-H) from another monosaccharide are removed resulting in a glycosidic bond and release of a water molecule

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9
Q

What are some examples of disaccharide?

A

Sucrose= fructose+ glucose
lactose- glucose + galactose
maltose= glucose + glucose

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10
Q

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

A

fructose, glucose, galactose

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11
Q

polysaccharides
* explain mechanism

A

polymers of monosaccharides

Mechanism: DEHYDRATION REACTION
hydroxyl group (-OH) from a monosaccharide and a hydrogen atom (-H) from another monosaccharide are removed resulting in a glycosidic bond and release of a water molecule

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12
Q

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch: long chains of glucose
glycogen: long chains of glucose w/branches
cellulose: a long chain of glucose (straight+ compact)

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13
Q

Plants like potatoes, wheat, and rice; what type of carbohydrate is it made up of?

A

Starch-polysaccharide-long chain of glucose

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14
Q

In cell wall of plants, what type of carbohydrate might we find?

A

cellulose-polysaccharide-long chain of glucose that is straight and compact

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15
Q

what is the most abundant organic compound on earth?

A

cellulose

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16
Q

Another name for cellulose is

A

dietary fiber

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17
Q

lipids
What are the type of lipids?

A

Mainly C linked to H through nonpolar bonds, molecules are hydrophobic and insoluble in water

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

18
Q

Fats:
Function:

A

Composed of mostly triglycerides;
triglycerides composed of glycerol(alcohol) and 3 fatty acids(COOH-CH2 chain)
Function: energy storage, cushion/insulation

19
Q

Explain the dehydration reaction of fats

A

hydroxyl group (-OH) of the glycerol molecule combines with the carboxyl group (-COOH) of each fatty acid molecule. As a result, three water molecules are eliminated, and the remaining molecules form a triglyceride.

20
Q

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fat

A

degree that C bonded to H, saturated molecule has maximum amount of H

21
Q

How does degree of saturation of fats, relate to a bend?

A

Unsaturated fats have a bend, can’t stack easily, and are less likely to form solids. In contrast, saturated fats have no bend can easily stack, and tend to be solids at room temp.

22
Q

Most plant/fish triglycerides and animals triglycerides tend to be saturated or unsaturated?

A

Most plant/fish triglycerides-unsaturated
animals triglycerides-saturated

23
Q

What do we can unsaturated fats with a single double bond or more than one double bond?

A

Monounsaturated fats= single double bond
Polyunsaturated fats= have two or more

24
Q

Why might unsaturated fats have a lower melting point?

A

double bonds prevent close packing so they are farther apart meaning it’s easier to melt them

25
Q

We can call unsaturated fats

A

oils

26
Q

Why might eating meat increase your chances of heart attacks and strokes?

A

animal triglycerides are saturated and diets rich in saturated fats can lead to atherosclerosis. Plaque buildup in walls of blood vessels, reduce blood flow and ultimately cause heart attacks and strokes.

27
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

substances that animals can’t create for themselves
Essential amino acids/ fatty acids/ minerals and vitamins

28
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

A

PVT TIM HiLL 9 indispensable amino acids
phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine.

29
Q

What’s the difference between water-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins?

A

1) where they dissolve
2)water-soluble vitamins: nonprotein organic subunits that associate with enzymes to aid in catalysis
-Riboflavin=B2
(energy metabolism/FAD)
-Niacin->NAD+
Fat soluble vitamins
-Vitamin A-visual pigments

30
Q

What are the three functions of minerals?

A

1) ions
ex: important for contraction
2) structural material
ex: Ca in bones
3) parts of other molecules
ex: iron in hemoglobin

31
Q

stomach, Mouth, intestine, anus, pharynx, esophagus, stomach
Rewrite them in order

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, anus

32
Q

What are Sphincters?
What are the 2 examples?

A

Rings of smooth muscle form valves between major regions of the digestive tract
lower esophageal sphincter: between
esophagus and stomach
Pyloric sphincter: between the
stomach and small intestine

33
Q

Salivary glands

A

Secrete saliva, which contains
lubricating mucus, amylase (a
starch-digesting enzyme),
lysozyme (an enzyme that kills
bacteria), and bicarbonate ions.

34
Q

Explain small intestine, large intestine

A

small intestine: completes digestion and begins absorption of nutrients
large intestine: primarily absorbs water and mineral ions from digestive residues

35
Q

liver

A

Secretes bile, which
emulsifies fats, and
bicarbonate ions

36
Q

gall blader

A

Stores and concentrates bile
secreted by liver

37
Q

Pancreas

A

Secretes enzymes (proteases,
amylases, lipases, nucleases)
that break down all major food
molecules and bicarbonate
ions that neutralize digestive
contents

38
Q

What are the four layers of the vertebrae gut?

A

1.mucosa
2. submucosa
3.muscularis
4.serosa

39
Q

mucosa

A

Lines inside of gut
-Epithelial cells: absorb nutrients, seal off digestive contents from body fluids
-Glandular cells: secrete enzymes, mucus, pH regulation

40
Q

submucosa

A

Elastic connective tissue, neuron network, blood and lymph
vessels
Neural network: local control of digestive activity

41
Q

muscularis

A

Formed by circular layer (constricts gut diameter) and longitudinal layer (shortens and widens gut): push contents through gut (peristalsis)
Oblique layer (stomach only)

42
Q

serosa

A

Outermost gut layer, made of connective tissue that is continuous with mesentery (tissue that suspends digestive
organs in the abdomen)
-Secretes a lubricating fluid to reduce friction between digestive organs and other organs

BIO216 (39 decks)

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