topic 12 power.point 12.0 Flashcards
All animals require matter and energy for
metabolism, using that energy for homeostasis, growth, and metabolism
What does organic mean?
What are the classes of organic macromolecules?
Organic: molecules based on carbon, used as fuel
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
WHat are the classes of carbohydrates?
1) monosaccharide
2)disaccharide
3) polysaccharides
What is a sugar?
carbon chain, Has hydroxyl groups, carbonyl group
What are two monosaccharides that are isomers?
Glucose and fructose
C6H12O6
When might monosaccharides form rings?
in aqueous solutions
___ are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work
monosaccharides
Disaccharide
*explain the mechanism
2 monosaccharides linked via a dehydration reaction
Mechanism: DEHYDRATION REACTION
hydroxyl group (-OH) from a monosaccharide and a hydrogen atom (-H) from another monosaccharide are removed resulting in a glycosidic bond and release of a water molecule
What are some examples of disaccharide?
Sucrose= fructose+ glucose
lactose- glucose + galactose
maltose= glucose + glucose
What are some examples of monosaccharides?
fructose, glucose, galactose
polysaccharides
* explain mechanism
polymers of monosaccharides
Mechanism: DEHYDRATION REACTION
hydroxyl group (-OH) from a monosaccharide and a hydrogen atom (-H) from another monosaccharide are removed resulting in a glycosidic bond and release of a water molecule
What are some examples of polysaccharides?
Starch: long chains of glucose
glycogen: long chains of glucose w/branches
cellulose: a long chain of glucose (straight+ compact)
Plants like potatoes, wheat, and rice; what type of carbohydrate is it made up of?
Starch-polysaccharide-long chain of glucose
In cell wall of plants, what type of carbohydrate might we find?
cellulose-polysaccharide-long chain of glucose that is straight and compact
what is the most abundant organic compound on earth?
cellulose
Another name for cellulose is
dietary fiber
lipids
What are the type of lipids?
Mainly C linked to H through nonpolar bonds, molecules are hydrophobic and insoluble in water
Fats, phospholipids, and steroids
Fats:
Function:
Composed of mostly triglycerides;
triglycerides composed of glycerol(alcohol) and 3 fatty acids(COOH-CH2 chain)
Function: energy storage, cushion/insulation
Explain the dehydration reaction of fats
hydroxyl group (-OH) of the glycerol molecule combines with the carboxyl group (-COOH) of each fatty acid molecule. As a result, three water molecules are eliminated, and the remaining molecules form a triglyceride.
Difference between saturated and unsaturated fat
degree that C bonded to H, saturated molecule has maximum amount of H
How does degree of saturation of fats, relate to a bend?
Unsaturated fats have a bend, can’t stack easily, and are less likely to form solids. In contrast, saturated fats have no bend can easily stack, and tend to be solids at room temp.
Most plant/fish triglycerides and animals triglycerides tend to be saturated or unsaturated?
Most plant/fish triglycerides-unsaturated
animals triglycerides-saturated
What do we can unsaturated fats with a single double bond or more than one double bond?
Monounsaturated fats= single double bond
Polyunsaturated fats= have two or more
Why might unsaturated fats have a lower melting point?
double bonds prevent close packing so they are farther apart meaning it’s easier to melt them
We can call unsaturated fats
oils
Why might eating meat increase your chances of heart attacks and strokes?
animal triglycerides are saturated and diets rich in saturated fats can lead to atherosclerosis. Plaque buildup in walls of blood vessels, reduce blood flow and ultimately cause heart attacks and strokes.
What are essential nutrients?
substances that animals can’t create for themselves
Essential amino acids/ fatty acids/ minerals and vitamins
What are the 9 essential amino acids?
PVT TIM HiLL 9 indispensable amino acids
phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine.
What’s the difference between water-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins?
1) where they dissolve
2)water-soluble vitamins: nonprotein organic subunits that associate with enzymes to aid in catalysis
-Riboflavin=B2
(energy metabolism/FAD)
-Niacin->NAD+
Fat soluble vitamins
-Vitamin A-visual pigments
What are the three functions of minerals?
1) ions
ex: important for contraction
2) structural material
ex: Ca in bones
3) parts of other molecules
ex: iron in hemoglobin
stomach, Mouth, intestine, anus, pharynx, esophagus, stomach
Rewrite them in order
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, anus
What are Sphincters?
What are the 2 examples?
Rings of smooth muscle form valves between major regions of the digestive tract
lower esophageal sphincter: between
esophagus and stomach
Pyloric sphincter: between the
stomach and small intestine
Salivary glands
Secrete saliva, which contains
lubricating mucus, amylase (a
starch-digesting enzyme),
lysozyme (an enzyme that kills
bacteria), and bicarbonate ions.
Explain small intestine, large intestine
small intestine: completes digestion and begins absorption of nutrients
large intestine: primarily absorbs water and mineral ions from digestive residues
liver
Secretes bile, which
emulsifies fats, and
bicarbonate ions
gall blader
Stores and concentrates bile
secreted by liver
Pancreas
Secretes enzymes (proteases,
amylases, lipases, nucleases)
that break down all major food
molecules and bicarbonate
ions that neutralize digestive
contents
What are the four layers of the vertebrae gut?
1.mucosa
2. submucosa
3.muscularis
4.serosa
mucosa
Lines inside of gut
-Epithelial cells: absorb nutrients, seal off digestive contents from body fluids
-Glandular cells: secrete enzymes, mucus, pH regulation
submucosa
Elastic connective tissue, neuron network, blood and lymph
vessels
Neural network: local control of digestive activity
muscularis
Formed by circular layer (constricts gut diameter) and longitudinal layer (shortens and widens gut): push contents through gut (peristalsis)
Oblique layer (stomach only)
serosa
Outermost gut layer, made of connective tissue that is continuous with mesentery (tissue that suspends digestive
organs in the abdomen)
-Secretes a lubricating fluid to reduce friction between digestive organs and other organs
