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BIO216 > Topic.4.homeostasis.powerpoint.4-1.Thermoregulation.and.basic.anatomy > Flashcards

Topic.4.homeostasis.powerpoint.4-1.Thermoregulation.and.basic.anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Maintaining temperature homeostasis
Ex: dissipating heat/conserving heat

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2
Q

Animal cells can survive in a temperature range of

A

32◦F -113◦F

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3
Q

How does below freezing temperatures affect the body?

A

lipid bilayer changes from fluid to
frozen gel, ice crystals form: disrupts cell function, destroys organelles

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4
Q

How does extremely high temperatures affect the body?

A

proteins and nucleic acids unfold due to an increase in kinetic energy of molecules

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5
Q

Ectotherm include…

A

some fish, invertebrates, amphibians

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6
Q

Endotherm include..

A

birds, mammals

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7
Q

List characteristics of ectotherm

A

-obtain heat from the environment, must live in an environment favorable to their body temp
-lower metabolic rates than endotherm
-smaller surface-to-volume ratio
-metabolic rates fall to conserve energy

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8
Q

List characteristics of endotherms

A

-can generate heat metabolically
-maintain body temp over a narrow range
-balance internal heat loss with heat loss from the body surface
-metabolic rates rise at low temp, generating body heat

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9
Q

What is torpor?

A

period of inactivity aligned with variations in temperature (hibernation-
winter; estivation in summer)

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10
Q

How can an animal change its conductance to heat?

A

Fur insulation(“fluff that shit up”)

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11
Q

T/F Blubber insulates

A

yes dumb bitch

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12
Q

How might an gazelle minimize heat uptake?

A

Reflective surface on back to minimize warming from solar radiation

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13
Q

How might blood flow relate to conductance of heat?

A

-If the temperature outside is cold, blood can be directed to avoid the surface through . This results in the body being more insulated because the blood is flowing beneath a fatty layer
of skin.
-If the body temperature is warmer, the blood can be redirected to the surface and heat can flow out more easily. This would be an increase in conductance.

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14
Q

What is the result of peripheral
vasoconstriction?

A

Blood vessels in the skin contract reducing blood flow, meaning blood generates less heat that then goes to environment, resulting in REDUCED HEAT LOSS

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15
Q

When might vasodilation occur in the body?
A. When you feel cold
B. When you feel hot
C. When you exercise a lot
D. Both B and C
E. All of the above

A

All of the above simply because she didn’t specify where in the body

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16
Q

Explain counter-current in the flippers

A

Ensure gradients that facilitate the maximum amount of heat retention
Ex: Arterial blood head to flippers loses heat to venous blood heading back to main body, thus blood entering body is already warm

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17
Q

Concurrent flow

A

Blood headed same way, causing large gradients of heat to disappear down the road

18
Q

Which is more efficient: countercurrent or concurrent flow?

A

countercurrent is more efficient

19
Q

What are the four basic tissue types and what are they responsible for?

A

EVERY CELL MATTERS NOW
1. epithelial- lines body structures and cavities. Forms protective, secretory, and absorptive covering.
2. connective- support
3. muscle- movement
4. nervous- transmits information

20
Q

what are the three shapes of epithelial cells

A

SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
description: flattened
location: wall of blood vessels, air sac of lungs
function: diffusion
CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
description: cube-like
location: glands and nephrons
function: secretion and absorption
COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
description: tall and slender
location: lining of gut and respiratory tract
function: secretion and absorption

21
Q

what is the endothelium?

A

Endothelium is a type of epithelial tissue. Specifically, it is a specialized type of epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels

22
Q

6 types of connective tissue

A

adipose
bone
blood
loose
fibrous
cartilage
A BIG CANTING BRIDGE LOST EVERY FOUNDATION

23
Q

Fibrous connective tissue
Description, Location, Function

A

Description: parallel bundles of long rows of fibroblast with dense ECM, surrounded by collagen
Location: tendons and ligaments
Function: strength and elasticity

24
Q

Loose connective tissue
Description, Location, Function

A

Description: Fibroblasts and other cells surrounded by collagen and elastic fibers form a glycoprotein matrix
Location: Under skin, mostly epithelia
Function: support, elasticity, diffusion

25
Q

Adipose connective tissue
Description, Location, Function

A

Description: large and tightly packed adipocytes with little EM
Location: under skin, around the heart, kidneys
Function: Energy reserve, insulation, padding

26
Q

Cartilage connective tissue
Description, Location, Function

A

Description: Chondrocytes embedded in a matrix of collagen and chondroitin sulfate
Location: Nose, ends of long bones
Function: support, flexibility, low friction surface for joint movement

27
Q

blood connective tissue
Description, Location, Function

A

Description: leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma matrix
Location: circulatory system
Function: transport substances

28
Q

Bone connective tissue
Description, Location, Function

A

Description: Osteocytes in a matrix of collagen and glycoproteins hardened with hydroxyapatite(Ca + P)
Location: Bones
Function: Movement, support, protection

29
Q

3 types of muscle tissue
- which kind are striated

A

smooth
skeletal - striated
cardiac- striated

30
Q

What is the pathway that nerve impulse travels to?

A

Dendrites to the cell body(nucleus) to axon to axon terminals

31
Q

What is the difference between tendon and ligament?

A

Tendon: attaches bone to muscle
Ligament: attaches bone to bone

32
Q

Osteocytes

A

are mature bone cells.

33
Q

What is an adipocyte?

A

A fat cell, a connective tissue cell that has differentiated and become specialized in the synthesis (manufacture) and storage of fat.

34
Q

What are leukocytes and erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells are erythrocytes and help carry oxygen throughout the blood. Leukocytes are white blood cells that function with the immune system.

35
Q

What are platelets?

A

Platelets are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding.

36
Q

3 types of muscle tissue
- which kind are striated

A

smooth
skeletal - striated
cardiac- striated

37
Q

Smooth muscle
Description, Location, Function

A

Description: nonstriated, tapered ends
Location: wall of internal organs
Function: movement of internal organs

38
Q

Skeletal muscle
Description, Location, Function

A

Description: long and cylindrical, striated
Location: Attach to bones
Function: locomotion of body

39
Q

Cardiac muscle
Description, Location, Function

A

Description: Cylindrical, intercalated disk, striated
Location: the wall of heart
Function: pumping blood

40
Q

Describe nervous pathway

A

dendrites to cell body(nucleus) to axon to axon terminals

BIO216 (39 decks)

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