Topic.4.homeostasis.powerpoint.4-1.Thermoregulation.and.basic.anatomy Flashcards
What is thermoregulation?
Maintaining temperature homeostasis
Ex: dissipating heat/conserving heat
Animal cells can survive in a temperature range of
32◦F -113◦F
How does below freezing temperatures affect the body?
lipid bilayer changes from fluid to
frozen gel, ice crystals form: disrupts cell function, destroys organelles
How does extremely high temperatures affect the body?
proteins and nucleic acids unfold due to an increase in kinetic energy of molecules
Ectotherm include…
some fish, invertebrates, amphibians
Endotherm include..
birds, mammals
List characteristics of ectotherm
-obtain heat from the environment, must live in an environment favorable to their body temp
-lower metabolic rates than endotherm
-smaller surface-to-volume ratio
-metabolic rates fall to conserve energy
List characteristics of endotherms
-can generate heat metabolically
-maintain body temp over a narrow range
-balance internal heat loss with heat loss from the body surface
-metabolic rates rise at low temp, generating body heat
What is torpor?
period of inactivity aligned with variations in temperature (hibernation-
winter; estivation in summer)
How can an animal change its conductance to heat?
Fur insulation(“fluff that shit up”)
T/F Blubber insulates
yes dumb bitch
How might an gazelle minimize heat uptake?
Reflective surface on back to minimize warming from solar radiation
How might blood flow relate to conductance of heat?
-If the temperature outside is cold, blood can be directed to avoid the surface through . This results in the body being more insulated because the blood is flowing beneath a fatty layer
of skin.
-If the body temperature is warmer, the blood can be redirected to the surface and heat can flow out more easily. This would be an increase in conductance.
What is the result of peripheral
vasoconstriction?
Blood vessels in the skin contract reducing blood flow, meaning blood generates less heat that then goes to environment, resulting in REDUCED HEAT LOSS
When might vasodilation occur in the body?
A. When you feel cold
B. When you feel hot
C. When you exercise a lot
D. Both B and C
E. All of the above
All of the above simply because she didn’t specify where in the body
Explain counter-current in the flippers
Ensure gradients that facilitate the maximum amount of heat retention
Ex: Arterial blood head to flippers loses heat to venous blood heading back to main body, thus blood entering body is already warm
Concurrent flow
Blood headed same way, causing large gradients of heat to disappear down the road
Which is more efficient: countercurrent or concurrent flow?
countercurrent is more efficient
What are the four basic tissue types and what are they responsible for?
EVERY CELL MATTERS NOW
1. epithelial- lines body structures and cavities. Forms protective, secretory, and absorptive covering.
2. connective- support
3. muscle- movement
4. nervous- transmits information
what are the three shapes of epithelial cells
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
description: flattened
location: wall of blood vessels, air sac of lungs
function: diffusion
CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
description: cube-like
location: glands and nephrons
function: secretion and absorption
COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
description: tall and slender
location: lining of gut and respiratory tract
function: secretion and absorption
what is the endothelium?
Endothelium is a type of epithelial tissue. Specifically, it is a specialized type of epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels
6 types of connective tissue
adipose
bone
blood
loose
fibrous
cartilage
A BIG CANTING BRIDGE LOST EVERY FOUNDATION
Fibrous connective tissue
Description, Location, Function
Description: parallel bundles of long rows of fibroblast with dense ECM, surrounded by collagen
Location: tendons and ligaments
Function: strength and elasticity
Loose connective tissue
Description, Location, Function
Description: Fibroblasts and other cells surrounded by collagen and elastic fibers form a glycoprotein matrix
Location: Under skin, mostly epithelia
Function: support, elasticity, diffusion
Adipose connective tissue
Description, Location, Function
Description: large and tightly packed adipocytes with little EM
Location: under skin, around the heart, kidneys
Function: Energy reserve, insulation, padding
Cartilage connective tissue
Description, Location, Function
Description: Chondrocytes embedded in a matrix of collagen and chondroitin sulfate
Location: Nose, ends of long bones
Function: support, flexibility, low friction surface for joint movement
blood connective tissue
Description, Location, Function
Description: leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma matrix
Location: circulatory system
Function: transport substances
Bone connective tissue
Description, Location, Function
Description: Osteocytes in a matrix of collagen and glycoproteins hardened with hydroxyapatite(Ca + P)
Location: Bones
Function: Movement, support, protection
3 types of muscle tissue
- which kind are striated
smooth
skeletal - striated
cardiac- striated
What is the pathway that nerve impulse travels to?
Dendrites to the cell body(nucleus) to axon to axon terminals
What is the difference between tendon and ligament?
Tendon: attaches bone to muscle
Ligament: attaches bone to bone
Osteocytes
are mature bone cells.
What is an adipocyte?
A fat cell, a connective tissue cell that has differentiated and become specialized in the synthesis (manufacture) and storage of fat.
What are leukocytes and erythrocytes?
Red blood cells are erythrocytes and help carry oxygen throughout the blood. Leukocytes are white blood cells that function with the immune system.
What are platelets?
Platelets are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding.
3 types of muscle tissue
- which kind are striated
smooth
skeletal - striated
cardiac- striated
Smooth muscle
Description, Location, Function
Description: nonstriated, tapered ends
Location: wall of internal organs
Function: movement of internal organs
Skeletal muscle
Description, Location, Function
Description: long and cylindrical, striated
Location: Attach to bones
Function: locomotion of body
Cardiac muscle
Description, Location, Function
Description: Cylindrical, intercalated disk, striated
Location: the wall of heart
Function: pumping blood
Describe nervous pathway
dendrites to cell body(nucleus) to axon to axon terminals
