Topic.6.The.Brain.and.The.Nervous.System:Structure.and.Function.Powerpoint.6.1.nervous.system.function Flashcards
What are the two parts of the nervous system?
CNS: central nervous system
-brain and spinal cord
PNS: peripheral nervous system
-connect CNS to limbs and organs
-afferent and efferent
Draw diagram to explain all the parts of the nervous system
look at slides
PNS has what two division?
Afferent: transmit signals to CNS
*includes sensory neurons/transmits sensory info
Efferent: transmit signals from CNS
**carries signals to muscles and glands
Efferent system has what two divisions?
Somatic:
Autonomic
What is somatic?
One of the two efferent divisions:
-mostly voluntary
-controls movements that are conscious
-utilizes motor neurons
-carries efferent signals from CNS to skeletal muscle
What is ANS?
The autonomic nervous system, one of the two efferent divisions
-a collection of motor neurons(ganglia) and the axonal connections of those neurons
-functions below the level of consciousness(involuntary)
Name the two divisions of the ANS?
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic division
Fight or flight
Response to high emotional activity can result in increased bp, heart rate, suppress digestion
Parasympathetic division
Rest and digest
-located around the sympathetic nerve
-house keeping functions like digestion
How does heart rate differ between both divisions of ANS?
Sympathetic: increased heart rate
parasympathetic: decrease in heart rate
viscera
internal organs such as those in abdominal regions
What is the vagus nerve?
Cranial nerve 10, conveys sensory info about the state of the viscera to the CNS
What are some functions of the vagus nerve?
-heart rate
-gastrointestinal peristalsis
-sweating
-muscle movements in mouth
What is the spinal cord?
-carries impulses between the brain and PNS
-contains interneuron circuits that control motor reflexes
T/F dorsal is belly side
False:
dorsal back side
ventral is belly side
DAVE is an acronym used to remember what?
Used to remember the two roots in a spinal nerve
Dorsal root-afferent
Ventral root- efferent
Identify a dorsal root by it’s
ganglia-cluster of nerve cells
What is the patellar reflux and withdrawal reflex?
withdrawal reflex: feel the pain shortly after the hand is withdrawn. Equals the time it takes for impulse to travel to the brain
patellar reflux: knee
Primary Somatosensory Area
-Located in the parietal lobes
-integrates information regarding touch/pressure, temperature, pain
-causes tingling on the opposite side of the body
Primary Motor Area
-Located anterior to the primary somatosensory area
-causes movements of specific body parts on opposite sides
Homunculus -little man- shows us what?
the size of various regions in the primary somatic sensory cortex is related to the number of sensory receptors in the corresponding part of the body.
Association Areas:
-areas surrounding the sensory and motor areas
-Integrating information from the sensory areas
-Formulate responses
-Transmit the responses to the motor cortex
Wernicke’s
Broca’s
Association areas
Wernicke’s-Understanding and formulating coherent speech
broca-Expressing language
If a child doesn’t speak well, what damage might they have?
Broca’s Aphasia
-hesitant and distorted speech
Damage to Broca’s area
PET Scan
positron emission tomography
explain parts of speech
- APs from eye reach the primary visual cortex where the word is seen
- The word is then recognized in the visual association area
- Word is understood in Wernicke’s area
- APs representing the word are conducted through association fibers that
connect Wernicke’s area to Broca’s - In Broca’s area, the word is formulated as it will be spoken.
- APs are conducted to the premotor area, where the movements are programmed
- Then to the primary motor cortex, where the movements are triggered
Fluent language with made up or unnecessary words with little or no meaning to speech, difficulty understanding other’s speech and an
unawareness of one’s own mistakes. When corrected, these individuals will repeat their verbal paraphasias and have trouble finding the correct word.
Damage to Wernicke’s area: People can speak, but words make no sense
memory
Storage and retrieval of a sensory or motor experiences
Short term memory
depends on transient changes in
neurons, such as changes in membrane potential (EPSP,IPSP) and/or reversible changes in ion transport (cause by indirect neurotransmitters)
long-term memory
Permanent chemical changes
that establish signal pathways that cannot be easily terminated.
what is ltp?
long-term potentiation: the process by which synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with repetitive firing of neurons
In long term potentiation, a presynaptic cell fires neuron when the post-synaptic cell is already___
strongly depolarized
What is a difference between late and early ltp?
late-actual growing of dendrites+ more synaptic connections+ protein synthesis+ gene transcription
learning
changes in response to a stimulus based on info or experiences stored in memory
consciousness
state of awareness
Electroencephalography (EEG)
measure electrical impulses of neuron firing, find out different brain waves correlate to different level of consciousness
