Topic.6.The.Brain.and.The.Nervous.System:Structure.and.Function.Powerpoint.6.1.nervous.system.function

Question 1

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

Answer 1

CNS: central nervous system
-brain and spinal cord
PNS: peripheral nervous system
-connect CNS to limbs and organs
-afferent and efferent

Question 2

Draw diagram to explain all the parts of the nervous system

Answer 2

look at slides

Question 3

PNS has what two division?

Answer 3

Afferent: transmit signals to CNS
*includes sensory neurons/transmits sensory info
Efferent: transmit signals from CNS
**carries signals to muscles and glands

Question 4

Efferent system has what two divisions?

Answer 4

Somatic:
Autonomic

Question 5

What is somatic?

Answer 5

One of the two efferent divisions:
-mostly voluntary
-controls movements that are conscious
-utilizes motor neurons
-carries efferent signals from CNS to skeletal muscle

Question 6

What is ANS?

Answer 6

The autonomic nervous system, one of the two efferent divisions
-a collection of motor neurons(ganglia) and the axonal connections of those neurons
-functions below the level of consciousness(involuntary)

Question 7

Name the two divisions of the ANS?

Answer 7

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

Question 8

Sympathetic division

Answer 8

Fight or flight
Response to high emotional activity can result in increased bp, heart rate, suppress digestion

Question 9

Parasympathetic division

Answer 9

Rest and digest
-located around the sympathetic nerve
-house keeping functions like digestion

Question 10

How does heart rate differ between both divisions of ANS?

Answer 10

Sympathetic: increased heart rate
parasympathetic: decrease in heart rate

Question 11

viscera

Answer 11

internal organs such as those in abdominal regions

Question 12

What is the vagus nerve?

Answer 12

Cranial nerve 10, conveys sensory info about the state of the viscera to the CNS

Question 13

What are some functions of the vagus nerve?

Answer 13

-heart rate
-gastrointestinal peristalsis
-sweating
-muscle movements in mouth

Question 14

What is the spinal cord?

Answer 14

-carries impulses between the brain and PNS
-contains interneuron circuits that control motor reflexes

Question 15

T/F dorsal is belly side

Answer 15

False:
dorsal back side
ventral is belly side

Question 16

DAVE is an acronym used to remember what?

Answer 16

Used to remember the two roots in a spinal nerve
Dorsal root-afferent
Ventral root- efferent

Question 17

Identify a dorsal root by it’s

Answer 17

ganglia-cluster of nerve cells

Question 18

What is the patellar reflux and withdrawal reflex?

Answer 18

withdrawal reflex: feel the pain shortly after the hand is withdrawn. Equals the time it takes for impulse to travel to the brain
patellar reflux: knee

Question 19

Primary Somatosensory Area

Answer 19

-Located in the parietal lobes
-integrates information regarding touch/pressure, temperature, pain
-causes tingling on the opposite side of the body

Question 20

Primary Motor Area

Answer 20

-Located anterior to the primary somatosensory area
-causes movements of specific body parts on opposite sides

Question 21

Homunculus -little man- shows us what?

Answer 21

the size of various regions in the primary somatic sensory cortex is related to the number of sensory receptors in the corresponding part of the body.

Question 22

Association Areas:

Answer 22

-areas surrounding the sensory and motor areas
-Integrating information from the sensory areas
-Formulate responses
-Transmit the responses to the motor cortex

Question 23

Wernicke’s
Broca’s

Answer 23

Association areas
Wernicke’s-Understanding and formulating coherent speech
broca-Expressing language

Question 24

If a child doesn’t speak well, what damage might they have?

Answer 24

Broca’s Aphasia
-hesitant and distorted speech
Damage to Broca’s area

Question 25

PET Scan

Answer 25

positron emission tomography

Question 26

explain parts of speech

Answer 26

1. APs from eye reach the primary visual cortex where the word is seen
2. The word is then recognized in the visual association area
3. Word is understood in Wernicke’s area
4. APs representing the word are conducted through association fibers that
   connect Wernicke’s area to Broca’s
5. In Broca’s area, the word is formulated as it will be spoken.
6. APs are conducted to the premotor area, where the movements are programmed
7. Then to the primary motor cortex, where the movements are triggered

Question 27

Fluent language with made up or unnecessary words with little or no meaning to speech, difficulty understanding other’s speech and an
unawareness of one’s own mistakes. When corrected, these individuals will repeat their verbal paraphasias and have trouble finding the correct word.

Answer 27

Damage to Wernicke’s area: People can speak, but words make no sense

Question 28

memory

Answer 28

Storage and retrieval of a sensory or motor experiences

Question 29

Short term memory

Answer 29

depends on transient changes in
neurons, such as changes in membrane potential (EPSP,IPSP) and/or reversible changes in ion transport (cause by indirect neurotransmitters)

Question 30

long-term memory

Answer 30

Permanent chemical changes
that establish signal pathways that cannot be easily terminated.

Question 31

what is ltp?

Answer 31

long-term potentiation: the process by which synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with repetitive firing of neurons

Question 32

In long term potentiation, a presynaptic cell fires neuron when the post-synaptic cell is already___

Answer 32

strongly depolarized

Question 33

What is a difference between late and early ltp?

Answer 33

late-actual growing of dendrites+ more synaptic connections+ protein synthesis+ gene transcription

Question 34

learning

Answer 34

changes in response to a stimulus based on info or experiences stored in memory

Question 35

consciousness

Answer 35

state of awareness

Question 36

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 36

measure electrical impulses of neuron firing, find out different brain waves correlate to different level of consciousness