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BIO216 > Topic 1 Reproduction,1.2,gametogenesis > Flashcards

Topic 1 Reproduction,1.2,gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Draw the female reproductive system

A

Refer to PowerPoint slide
Make sure to have:
ovaries(follicles & corpus luteum),oviduct,uterus,endometrium,cervix,vagina

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2
Q

Male germ cells commit to becoming gametes sooner, is this true for females?

A

No, females have delayed oogenesis

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3
Q

Another name for primary germ cells?

A

Primordial germ cells

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4
Q

Primary germ cells produce___

A

oogonia aka immature female reproductive cells that are diploid

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5
Q

what does oogonia mean?

A

mitotically active cells that produce primary oocytes

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6
Q

Oogonia reproduces by ___ to become primary oocyte

A

mitosis

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7
Q

in oogenesis, primary oocytes begin meiosis and stop at what phase?

A

prophase

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8
Q

T/F At birth, females carry primary ooctyes

A

true

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9
Q

What is a follicle and what resides in it?

A

follicle is a cavity lined with cells, primary ooctyes reside in it.

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10
Q

in oogenesis, how does puberty affect primary oocyte?

A

At puberty, the FSH(follicle-stimulating hormone) stimulates the follicle to grow and mature, the primary oocyte within follicle completes meiosis I

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11
Q

T/F in oogenesis the cytokinesis at end of meiosis I is even

A

false, it’s uneven resulting in one small and larger cell. The smaller cell is called the first polar body. The larger cell called the secondary oocyte.

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12
Q

The first polar Body is produced at the end of what stage in oogenesis?

A

meiosis I, underwent cytokinesis

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13
Q

The secondary oocyte is produced at the end of what stage in oogenesis?

A

meiosis I, after undergoing cytokinesis

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14
Q

What cell progresses to meiosis II in oogenesis?

A

the secondary oocyte

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15
Q

in oogenesis, at what stage is the second oocyte arrested at?

A

metaphase of meiosis II

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16
Q

Ovulation happens after what stage?

A

Happens after second oocyte is arrested at METAPHASE II of meiosis II

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17
Q

What is ovulation?

A

breaking open of the follicle to release the second oocyte

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18
Q

Second oocyte resumes meiosis II when __

A

sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte

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19
Q

During meiosis II, cytokinesis is uneven resulting in what two things?

A

Results in the second polar body and the single mature egg(ovum) containing the sperm head

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20
Q

Due to ovulation what forms from the ruptured follice?

A

Corpus Luteum

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21
Q

Corpus luteum will produce __ which thickens the uterus lining(endometrium) for pregnancy. It will degenerate if __ does not occur.

A

progesterone; fertilization

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22
Q

What is the definition of fertilization?

A

fusion of haploid sperm nucleus with the haploid egg nucleus

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23
Q

T/F 2 follicles usually matures per month

A

false, one follicle usually
fully matures/month,
and it’s oocyte completes
meiosis I

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24
Q

summarize oogenesis

A

PGCs become oogonium, then the primary oocyte begins meiosis and is arrested at PROPHASE I
This 2n cell splits into a polar body and a secondary oocyte (both n)
secondary oocyte begins meiosis II and is arrested at METAPHASE II
ovulation releases secondary oocyte and it matures when combined with sperm and meiosis II resumes

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25
Q

What is a polar body?

A

a small haploid cell formed
from uneven division during cytokinesis
during meiosis in oogenesis
It generally does not have the ability to be fertilized and it usually disappears(apotose).

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26
Q

How might we get 3 polar bodies?

A

First polar body generates into 2 polar bodies + the one given from when the second oocyte undergoes cytokineses

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27
Q

Describe the simple pathway of puberty

A

hypothalamus releases GnRH(gonadotropin releasing hormone) into pitituary gland, which then releases LH(lutenizing hormone) and FSH(follice stimulating hormone) into the ovaries or testis, in females it starts production of estradiol and in males its testosterone

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28
Q

Describe brief overview of chart

A

Follicular phase l ovulation l luteal phase
LH surge Menstrual + proliferative secretory

29
Q

Hypothalamus negative feedback:

A

inhibited by estradiol and progesterone

30
Q

Hypothalamus positive feedback:

A

stimulated by high levels of estradiol

31
Q

Negative feed back means being___

A

inhibited

32
Q

anterior pituitary is inhibited by __

A

low levels of estradiol, because low estrogen lowers GnRH production in the hypothalamus which then lowers LH production in anterior pituitary

33
Q

gonadotropins include __

A

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

34
Q

In the pituitary gonadotropins in blood, LH surge triggers

A

LH surge triggers ovulation

35
Q

How does estradiol relate to ovulation? When do we see it?

A

Right before ovulation, we should see a peak in estradiol because it stimulates the hypothalamus to release LH, then LH surge causes ovulation

36
Q

We see estradiol peak during what phase of menstrual cycle?

A

proliferative phase

37
Q

When do we see LH peak during menstrual cycle.

A

End of proliferative phase, after the estradiol peak

38
Q

corpus luteum produces

A

estradiol and progesterone

39
Q

the endometrium is thickened by

A

progesterone and estradiol

40
Q

After LH surge, ovulation is stimulated, what can we expect if fertilization occurs

A

During the secretory phase in the menstrual cycle see high levels of progesterone and relatively high levels of estradiol. Progesterone will provide negative feedback to the anterior pituitary to decrease FSH and LH levels, by lowering estrogen. Thus estrogen will have relatively lower values compared to progesterone

41
Q

After LH surge, ovulation is stimulated, what can we expect if fertilization does not occurs

A

Still see initial rise in levels in progesterone and estradiol, however, the levels will dramatically decrease as the corpus luteum degenerates, resulting in the menstrual flow phase.

42
Q

What is the basic overview from ovulation to implantation?

A
  1. ovulation, secondary oocyte released into the oviduct
  2. fertilization, happens in the oviduct
  3. cleavage, happens in the oviduct
  4. implantation, in uterus wall aka endometrium
43
Q

During implantation, we should see the formation of the trophoblast, which is ?

A

trophoblast: the outer layer of the blastocyst, which helps form the placenta

44
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

About 7 weeks

45
Q

Testes develop where?

A

Testes develop in the abdomen,
descend into the scrotum

46
Q

Seminiferous tubules:

A

network
of tubules located in testes

47
Q

Sertoli cells:

A

form the walls of
seminiferous tubules; support
germ cells

48
Q

Leydig Cells:

A

adjacent to
seminiferous tubules; produce
androgens (eg., testosterone)

49
Q

What is the main function of epididymis?

A

The main function of the epididymis is to store the sperms for maturation and transport it to vas deferens.

50
Q

What is the function of seminiferous tubes?

A

The sites of sperm production, the sperm migrate from of the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis.

51
Q

Sertoli cells are found in_ and are the site of _

A

seminiferous tubes; spermatagenesis

52
Q

Spermatogonia:

A

Mitotically active cells in the gonads that
give rise to spermatocytes

53
Q

Spermatids:

A

The four haploid cells produced by the
meiotic division of a primary spermatocyte

54
Q

Describe spermatogenesis

A

PGCs become spermatogonial stem cells (2n) then divide into spermatogonium and then primary spermatocyte (can produce sperm).
The primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to produce
2 secondary spermatocytes form (n) then undergoes meiosis II and divide into 4 spermatids that mature into 4 sperm cells (n)

55
Q

We can use seminiferous tube and __ as synonmous

A

testis

56
Q

T/F testicular spermatozao are able to penetrate the gg

A

False, Testicular spermatozoa are
immature, cannot penetrate egg;
move from testes to epididymis
(via efferent ductiles) where they
mature

57
Q

Spermatozoa is the more mature form of __

A

spermatids

58
Q

How do we get a mature sperm?

A

During ejaculation, sperm move
from epididymis to vas deferens,
to ejaculatory duct, mixing with
seminal fluid from the prostate
and seminal vesicles.

59
Q

What are two important sperm structures

A

Acrosome: vesicle with enzymes that facilitate egg penetration
Mitochondria: provide ATP for tail movement/swimming

60
Q

Inhibin

A

prevents sperm formation through negative feedback by inhibiting FSH secretion

61
Q

male hormone secretion

A

LH: simulates testosterone production from Leydig
Leydig: promotes spermatogenesis
Testosterone: inhibits LH and GnRH production
FSH: stimulates Sertoli cells to secrete inhibin

62
Q

what is the role of androgens from Leydig cells in Spermatgensis

A

LH behinds to leydig cells, androgens from Leydig cells then bind to receptors on sertoli cells, and stimulate spermatagenesis

63
Q

What is the role of androgens in relation to FSH

A

Binding of FSH to receptos on sertoli, increases expression of androgen receptors, which then stimulates spermatagnesis.

64
Q

T/F Spermatagenesis does not need FSH and androgens present to be strongly stimulated

A

False

65
Q

Ovum

A

Ovum: The haploid cell produced by meiosis that
becomes a functional gamete

66
Q

T/F All the products of oogenesis and spermatogenesis become gametes

A

False:
Spermatogenesis: all 4 products of meiosis become gametes.
Oogenesis: 1 product of meiosis becomes the egg (other 2 are small polar bodies (due to unequal cytokinesis) that
degenerate

67
Q

T/F Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are not the same in terms of the production of mature gametes

A

True:
Spermatogenesis occurs throughout adolescence and
adulthood.
Oogenesis: production of mature gametes stops around age 50

68
Q

In oogenesis, mitotic division are completed_

A

before birth

BIO216 (39 decks)

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