topic 11. powerpoint 11.0

Question 1

osmosis

Answer 1

passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to solute concentration
gradients/pressure gradients

Question 2

solute concentration

Answer 2

measured as osmolarity

Question 3

osmolarity

Answer 3

Osmolarity refers to the concentration of solute particles in a solution, specifically in terms of milliosmoles per liter of solution

Question 4

What is osmoregulation?

Answer 4

maintaining
osmolarity of body fluids

Question 5

What is the difference between hyperosmotic, hypoosmotic, and isoosmotic?

Answer 5

Hyperosmotic refers to a solution that has a higher osmolarity compared to another solution. Hypoosmotic refers to a solution that has a lower osmolarity compared to another solution. Isoosmotic refers to a solution that has the same osmolarity as another solution.

Question 6

describe passageway of net flow of water

Answer 6

hypotonic solution| selectively permeable membrane |hypertonic solution

Question 7

What type of solution will burst?

Answer 7

hypotonic solution, there is a higher concentration of water molecules compared to solute molecules.

Question 8

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 8

minimum pressure which needs
to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of
water across a semipermeable membrane

Question 9

What is the purpose of osmoregulation in animals?

Answer 9

retain isoosmotic

Question 10

Osmoregulation can be separated into what two groups?

Answer 10

1) osmoregulator: keep the osmolarity of body fluids different from the environment
-mammals
2)osmoconformers: allow osmolarity of bodily fluids to match environment
-sharks

Question 11

Commonality of groups partaking in osmoregulation is …

Answer 11

excretion as a form of maintaining it
-molecules removed from body to retain isoosmotic

Question 12

Explain mechanism of how excretion is coupled with osmoregulation

Answer 12

Involves excretory tubules
1) filtration: Extracellular fluids non-selectively pass into the tubule
2) reabsorption: some EF return to the body fluids/blood; in the proximal convoluted tubule
3) Secretion: selective ions[waste] pass into the tubule[filtrate] from body fluids/blood; in the distal convoluted tubule
4)Release: urine is released to the environment

Question 13

What gets reabsorbed?

Answer 13

glucose, amino acids, ions, water, HCO3-

Question 14

What gets secreted?

Answer 14

H+ and K+
*retain pH balance

Question 15

What gets excreted?

Answer 15

Substances that are unneeded or in excess
nitrogenous waste
-ammonia
-urea: ammonia +HCO3-
-uric acid

Question 16

In mammals, urine is ____ to body fluids.
Almost all other vertebrates produce urine that is____ to body fluids.

Answer 16

hyperosmotic, hypoosmotic

*helps humans conserve water, they have specialized features that allow this

Question 17

Where does osmoregulaiton take place?

Answer 17

excretory tubules aka nephrons that are located in kidneys

Question 18

What are some characteristics of nephrons?

Answer 18

-permeability differences
*selective reabsorption and secretion of substances in the kidney.
-different concentration gradients
*permeability differences create concentration gradients that help facilitate reabsorption/secretion
-network of capillaries surrounding it
* helps reabsorb

Question 19

Urine production overview

Answer 19

1) urine leaves nephrons
2)processed in collecting ducts
3) pools in the renal pelvis
4)Flows through the ureter to the urinary bladder
5)Flows through the urethra to the exterior of the animal

Question 20

Blood flow in kidneys

Answer 20

Blood flows into the kidneys through the renal artery, intermolecular artery, afferent arteriole, filtered in the glomerulus in bowman capsule, spit into capillaries, efferent arteriole, vasa recta[blood vessels near the Loop of Henle], blood exits through renal vein

Question 21

What allows for filtration mechanism glomerulus in bowman capsule?

Answer 21

solutes in the blood are easily filtered through spaces in these walls due to the
pressure gradient that exists between the blood in the capillaries and the fluid in the
Bowman’s capsule

Question 22

What are the two parts of nephrons?

Answer 22

Juxtamedullary nephrons: 20%, long loops that extend into the medulla
Cortical nephrons: 80%, short loops mostly
located in the cortex

Question 23

Vacta recta is important in maintaining?

Answer 23

the ion gradient of the medulla to
facilitate osmosis with the
Loop of Henle