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BIO216 > Topic.5.TheNeuron.powerpoint.5.0.the-neuron-an-overview > Flashcards

Topic.5.TheNeuron.powerpoint.5.0.the-neuron-an-overview Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 classes of neurons?

A

Interneuron
Afferent neuron
Efferent neuron

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2
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord
interneurons

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3
Q

Interneurons

A

integrate information and formulate a response

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4
Q

PNS

A

All other neurons
Afferent: picks up sensory stimuli through sensory neurons and transmits to interneurons in CNS; one axon with peripheral branch(cell body to peripheral) and central branch(cell body to spinal chord)

Efferent: sends directions from your brain to muscles and glands

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5
Q

T/F Motor neuron is afferent

A

False: carries signals to skeleton muscle, meaning that it is efferent and not afferent

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6
Q

T/F In the sense-integrate-act loop, the brain is always where signals are integrated

A

True because integration involves interneurons which include the brain and spinal cord

Sense: Afferent
Integrate: Interneurons
Act: Efferent

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7
Q

What is the basic anatomy of a neuron?

A

Dendrites on cell body with a nucleus connected to axon terminals through a axon

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8
Q

What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve?

A

Neuron is one cell ( 1 body, 1 axon, dendrites)
Nerve: cordlike bundle of MANY axons as a common pathway for electrochemical impulses to travel only in PNS

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9
Q

The nerve in the PNS is analogous to the __ in the CNS

A

tracts

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10
Q

t/f radial neuron are part of CNS

A

False, part of PNS; provides a common pathway for transmitted impulses in the arm

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11
Q

What is the difference between the grey and white matter?

A

Gray: Neuron somas/cell bodies
White: myelinated axons

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12
Q

Spinal nerve made out of what two roots?

A

Dorsal Root-afferent
Ventral root-efferent

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13
Q

Glial Cells

A

non-neuronal cells that provide nutrition and support to neurons

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14
Q

List types of glial cells

A

ependymal cells
microglia
astrocytes
satellite cells
Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes

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15
Q

Acronym for glial cell types

A

EMASSO

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16
Q

ependymal cells

A

Type of glia cell that produces cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

microglia

A

Type of glial cell,
phagocytic cells that ingest and break down pathogens and waste
products in the CNS

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18
Q

Astrocytes

A

types of glial cell found in CNS, it covers the surfaces of blood vessels for structural support and helps maintain ion concentrations in the interstitial fluid surrounding it

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19
Q

Satellite cells are similar to _

A

astrocytes but they are found in the PNS

20
Q

Schwann cells

A

Forms myelin sheath around axons in PNS

21
Q

Oligodendrocytes:

A

form myelin sheath in CNS

22
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

have a high lipid content; serve to insulate the electrical impulse as it
travels along an axon.

23
Q

What can speed rate that electric impulses travel along axons?

A

Node of Ranvier

24
Q

The tiny gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called

A

node

25
Q

In signal transduction what are the names for transmitting and receiving?

A

Presynaptic(transmitting)
Postsynaptic(receiving)

26
Q

In signal conduction what is the role of axon hillock?

A

Emerging from soma has a high concentration of voltage-activated sodium channels, considered the spike initiation zone for action potentials.

27
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The junction between the axon terminals of a neuron and the receiving cell(any type)

28
Q

If uniform contractile activity is needed among cells, what type of synapse is involved?

A

Electrical synapse

29
Q

Electrical synapse found in …

A

pulp of tooth, cardiac muscle cell/smooth muscle

30
Q

What are electrical synapse?

A

it’s a gap junction where the membrane between two neurons is separated by a gap but connected by proteins tubes called connexons.
-gap junctions allow current to flow between adjacent cells, which is important for a chain of action potentials

31
Q

Chemical synapse

A

information is transferred via the release of a neurotransmitter from one cell that diffuses along a synaptic cleft and is detected by an adjacent cell

32
Q

T/F electrical synapse can be better modulated

A

False, chemical synapse can be better modulated

33
Q

Which is faster, chemical or electrical synapse?

A

Electrical synapse because gap junctions are instantaneous

34
Q

Electrical synapse enables ___ among population of neurons

A

synchronized electrical activity

35
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

equilibrium condition, no
net flow of ions across the plasma membrane

36
Q

Does a resting membrane potential have an electrical impulse?

A

NO

37
Q

An electrical potential difference (or voltage) can be
generated across a plasma membrane by the separation of
positive and negative charges. Which is true of a resting
membrane potential?

A

Cell inside is negative; cell outer surface is positive

38
Q

Resting membrane potential is expected to have a ___ of charged particles inside and outside the cell

A

uneven distribution

39
Q

What gives rise to uneven ion distribution in resting membrane potential?

A
  1. Membrane more permeable to potassium (K+) than to sodium (Na+), more (Na+) outside the cell than (K+) inside the cell,3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
  2. selective permeability, The plasma membrane lets ions move down a concentration gradient.
    Na+ passively moves in and K diffuses out; more K+ leaves than Na+ enters, leaving net positive charge outside and negative inside
40
Q

What does it mean to have a membrane potential?

A

Difference in electrical charge on two sides of a membrane

41
Q

What creates a membrane potential?

A

membrane potential caused by the movement of ions across a membrane can result from diffusion(due to gradient) and electric fields.

42
Q

What is the resting membrane potential in mV?

A

-70mV

43
Q

Equilibrium potential:

A

The equilibrium potential for an ion is defined as the potential at which there is no net movement of that ion across the membrane, and this exists when the electrical gradient balances the concentration gradient.

44
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

electro-chemical gradient: net driving force that drives the flow of any ion
through a membrane channel protein; consists of a concentration
gradient and electrical gradient

45
Q

Nerst equation can

A

predicting the equilibrium potential across the membrane of a cell for a singly charged
positive ion

46
Q

Goldman equation

A

prediction of membrane
potential (Vm) when the membrane is permeable to more than one
ion.
-concentration gradient and the permeability determine
the contribution of a particular ion to the membrane potential

BIO216 (39 decks)

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