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BIO216 > topic 12 powerpoint 12.1 > Flashcards

topic 12 powerpoint 12.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What blocks the bolus from entering the trachea?

A

epiglottis

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2
Q

Explain the swallowing reflex

A

1) soft palate elevates, preventing bolus from entering the nasal passageway
2) pressure of the tongue prevents bolus backing up
3) The larynx moves up and pushes the glottis against epiglottis to prevent bolus entering airway

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3
Q

Stomach secretes gastric juice. What type of cells might we find+ acid?

A

-Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen, the precursor to pepsin aka protein digesting enzyme
-glandular cells: mucus
-parietal cells: H+ and Cl-
-HCl

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4
Q

What do we call the food contents in the stomach?

A

chyme

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5
Q

In the stomach layer, which layer can we find gastric pit+ gastric gland?

A

Mucosa layer
top part Gastric pit-mucous cells
bottom part gastric gland- chief and parietal cells

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6
Q

What hormone regulates acid secretion in the stomach and how does it know to release?

A

gastrin hormone; stomach distension and presence of digested amino acids

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7
Q

What type of feedback mechanism is used in the stomach?
What is the mechanism of pepsin formation?

A

positive feed back mechanism, pepsin makes more pepsin

1) parietal cells makes HCl-
2)chief cells makes pepsinogen, activated by HCl to make pepsin

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8
Q

What is the optimal pH in the stomach and why?

A

2= high acidity where pepsin works efficiently

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9
Q

t/f certain molecules can be digested before others

A

false: fats take longer than others to digest in the small intestine, digestion of rest are put on hold

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10
Q

Explain the type of enzymes that allow digestion in the small intestine

A

1)endopeptidases/exopeptidases break down proteins
2) amylases break down polysaccharides
3)lipase break down triglycerides
4)nucleases break down nucleic acids

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11
Q

What 2 structures increase the surface area of the intestine? What’s the difference?

A

intestinal villi- found in the small intestine, contain blood capillaries and lacteal[lymphatic vessel/absorb fats]; goal absorb nutrients into the bloodstream and lymphatic system
microvilli-found on villi, increase surface area for absorption

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12
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The duodenum is located in the small intestine, specifically it is the first part of the small intestine that connects to the stomach.

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13
Q

What are the hormones involved in the pancreas?

A

-glucagon[alpha cells of pancreas] stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream
RESPONDS TO LOW GLUCOSE LEVELS
-insulin[beta cells of pancreas],facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, promoting the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles, and inhibiting the breakdown of glycogen.
RESPONDS TO HIGH GLUCOSE LEVELS

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14
Q

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES: Salivary amylase
Crucial role in the digestion of what type of molecule?
What are the actual molecules involved?
Where can it be found in the body?

A

carbohydrate
polysaccharide to disaccharide
mouth

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15
Q

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES: pepsin
Crucial role in the digestion of what type of molecule?
What are the actual molecules involved?
Where can it be found in the body?

A

proteins
protein to peptide
stomach

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16
Q

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES: Pancreatic amylase
Crucial role in the digestion of what type of molecule?
What are the actual molecules involved?
Where can it be found in the body?

A

carbohydrate
polysaccharides to disaccharides
lumen of small intestine

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17
Q

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES: trypsin and chymotrypsin
Crucial role in the digestion of what type of molecule?
What are the actual molecules involved?
Where can it be found in the body?

A

protein
protein to peptide
lumen of small intestine

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18
Q

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES: carboxypeptidase
Crucial role in the digestion of what type of molecule?
What are the actual molecules involved?
Where can it be found in the body?

A

proteins
large peptide to amino acids
lumen of small intestine

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19
Q

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES:lipase
Crucial role in the digestion of what type of molecule?
What are the actual molecules involved?
Where can it be found in the body?

A

fats
triglycerides to FA/monoglycerides
lumen of small intestine

20
Q

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES: pancreatic nucleases
Crucial role in the digestion of what type of molecule?
What are the actual molecules involved?
Where can it be found in the body?

A

nucleic acids
DNA/RNA to nucleotides
lumen of small intestine

21
Q

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES: dissacharidases
Crucial role in the digestion of what type of molecule?
What are the actual molecules involved?
Where can it be found in the body?

A

carbohydrates
disaccharides to monosaccharides
epithelial cells of small intestine

22
Q

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES: amino peptidase
Crucial role in the digestion of what type of molecule?
What are the actual molecules involved?
Where can it be found in the body?

A

protein
large peptides to amino acids
epithelial cells of small intestine

23
Q

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES: dipeptidase
Crucial role in the digestion of what type of molecule?
What are the actual molecules involved?
Where can it be found in the body?

A

proteins
dipeptides to amino acids
epithelial cells of small intestine

24
Q

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES: nucleotidases, nucleosidases, phophatase
Crucial role in the digestion of what type of molecule?
What are the actual molecules involved?
Where can it be found in the body?

A

nucleic acid
nucleotides to nitrogenous base+phosphate+ 5 carbon sugar
epithelial cells of small intestine

25
Q

name of the fat after emulsification and bile s is

A

micelles

26
Q

What are micelle

A

hydrophilic “head”
regions in contact with surrounding solvent, sequestering the hydrophobic tail regions in the micelle center.

27
Q

bile salt

A

bile salts are released from the gallbladder and emulsify the fat, by forming a hydrophillic coat around fats.

28
Q

Where is bile made?
stored?
what triggers release?
Function?

A

liver
gall bladder
released when chyme enters small intestine
emulsify fat

29
Q

What hydrolyzes the micelles into fatty acids and monoglycerides?
Where do those molecules go?

A

lipase, enzyme released from pancreas
Enter the mucosal cell cytoplasm
and are packaged into chylomicrons

30
Q

chylomicrons

A

lipoprotein molecules makes hydrophilic coat allows further suspension in mucosal cell cytoplasm, secreted into the interstitial fluid of the submucosa, taken up by lymph-blood circulation

31
Q

Where is the majority of fluid uptake?

A

Small intestine, active uptake of salt and water follows it

32
Q

How do nutrients that enter blood stream, get to the liver?

A

When nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream, they are transported to the liver through the hepatic portal vein.

33
Q

What are some functions of the liver?

A

-secrete bile
-excess glucose converted into glycogen
-excess fats converted into plasma proteins or sugars
- synthesizes albumin
-detoxifies substances

34
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A

cecum, appendix, colon, rectum,anus

35
Q

Digestive system is regulated by what system?

A

-autonomic nervous system
-enteric nervous system a subdivision of peripheral nervous system

36
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

network of neurons that is located within the walls of the digestive tract. Relies on efferent/afferent neurons, interneurons, sensory neurons[relay chemical conditions],motor neurons[controls peristalsis]

37
Q

Chemoreceptors in the
stomach respond to food,
signaling neuron networks
to stimulate the stomach to
secrete the hormone
____

A

gastrin, stimulates HCl and thus pepsinogen in stomach, controls contractions

38
Q

Acidic chyme entering duodenum stimulates the release of

A

hormone secretin, Prevents more acid from stomach to enter small intestine by stimulates HCO3- secretion into duodenum in order to neutralize acid

39
Q

When and where is CKK secreted?

A

cholecystokinin,
Found in duodenum, released in response to fats and proteins, inhibits gastric activity, allows time for digestion and absorbtion. Stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder

40
Q

When a meal enters the digestive tract, what does it stimulate?

A

GIP: glucose dependent insulinotrophic peptide,
-Stimulates insulin release by the pancreas
-Insulin stimulates the uptake and storage of glucose

41
Q

In terms of the digestive system, what makes me know that I’m hungry?

A

-lack on insulin acting on hypothalamus
-lack of glucose uptake
-mechanoreceptors can’t detect gut distension
-chemoreceptors can’t detect food in gut

42
Q

Food in stomach stretches walls. The hormone ___ is released and stimulates
the production of gastric juices.
Chyme passes into the small intestine. ___
and __ are released. ____ stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the
pancreas and bile from the gall bladder. ___ stimulates pancreas to release HCO 3-.
If the chyme has a lot of fats, high levels of ___ and ____ inhibit Food in stomach stretches walls. The hormone gastrin is released and stimulates
the production of gastric juices.
Chyme passes into the small intestine. ___ and ___ are released. ___ stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the
pancreas and bile from the gall bladder. ___stimulates pancreas to release HCO 3-.
If the chyme has a lot of fats, high levels of __ and __ inhibit ___
in the stomach, slowing digestion

A

Food in stomach stretches walls. The hormone gastrin is released and stimulates
the production of gastric juices.
2. Chyme passes into the small intestine. Digestive hormones: Cholecystokinin (CCK)
and secretin are released. CCK stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the
pancreas and bile from the gall bladder. Secretin stimulates pancreas to release HCO 3-.
3. If the chyme has a lot of fats, high levels of secretin and CCK inhibit peristalsis
in the stomach, slowing digestion
Review

43
Q

What are adipose cells?

A

Adipose cells, also known as adipocytes, are specialized cells that store fat in the form of triglycerides. They are found in adipose tissue, which is a connective tissue mainly composed of fat cells.

44
Q

When adipose cells have enough fat, they release what hormone?

A

leptin, binds to hypothalamus
1)reduces appetite
2)increases metabolic rate, instead of storing excess fatty acids as body fat, the body will use them for energy production through the process of oxidation.

45
Q

Ghrelin

A

hormone that triggers hunger.

46
Q

PYY (Peptide YY):

A

secreted by the small intestine after meals.
Suppresses appetite.

BIO216 (39 decks)

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