13.1

Question 1

Pineal gland is a type of
Function:

Answer 1

endocrine gland
produce melatonin that interacts with hypothalamus: regulates sleeping patterns[biorhythms] and seasonal functions

Question 2

How is the posterior pituitary gland different from the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 2

The pituitary gland has two lobes

-anterior pituitary gland
made out of non-neuronal endocrine cells
produces and secretes 8 hormones

-posterior pituitary gland
extension of hypothalamus does not produce its own hormones, stores and secretes 2 hormones made by the hypothalamus

Question 3

Functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 3

-produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
-produces ADH and oxytocin, which are stored in posterior pituitary gland

Question 4

What is the similarities/difference between ADH and oxytocin?

Answer 4

similarity
-both hormones produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland.
Difference
-ADH: conserve water and reduce urine
-oxytocin: “love hormone”, contractions+breastmilk+bonding

Question 5

What are other names for the releasing and inhibiting hormones the hypothalamus produces to regulate anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 5

tropic hormones: hormones that regulates hormone secretion by another
endocrine gland

Question 6

What are the hormones released by the hypothalamus?

Answer 6

-TRH thyrotropin-releasing hormone
-CRH: corticotropin-releasing hormone
-GnRH: gonadotropin-releasing hormone
-GHRH: growth hormone releasing hormone
-somatostatin: growth hormone inhibiting hormone

Question 7

Prolactin(PRL)
-where
-function

Answer 7

-one of 8 major hormones of anterior pituitary gland
-mammary glands
-breast development and milk production

Question 8

Gonadotropins

Answer 8

FSH(follicle stimulating hormone)
–one of 8 major hormones of anterior pituitary gland
-located in testes/ sperm production
-egg development + female sex hormones
LH
–one of 8 major hormones of anterior pituitary gland
-located in the ovaries
-ovulation + male sex hormones

Question 9

TSH

Answer 9

thyroid-stimulating hormone
–one of 8 major hormones of anterior pituitary gland
located thyroid gland
-increases rate of metabolism, development and maturation

Question 10

endorphins

Answer 10

-one of 8 major hormones of the anterior pituitary gland
-inhibit the perception of pain by affecting pain pathways in PNS

Question 11

melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSH)

Answer 11

-produces a darkening of the skin

Question 12

ACTH

Answer 12

adrenocorticotropic hormone
-increases the production and release of corticosteroids
-stimulates glucocorticoid secretion in adrenal cortex; regulates metabolism + immune, lower cortisol

Question 13

What are some disorders involving the thyroid gland?

Answer 13

hypothyroidism: low thyroid hormones
frail and unintelligent
hyperthyroidism: high production thyroid hormones
weight loss, high heart rate

Question 14

explain the thyroid system

Answer 14

1. hypothalamus produces TRH
2. TRH regulates TSH [anterior pituitary]
3. TSH regulates hormonal output from thyroid gland
4. TSH/TRH exert negative feed back when levels are high

Question 15

Graves disease

Answer 15

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland. Antibodies in the body mistakenly activate the receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This leads to an overproduction of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. The excess T3 and T4 then activate receptors in the pituitary gland, which in turn suppress the release of TSH. As a result, there are high levels of thyroid hormones circulating in the body and a low level of TSH.

Question 16

Goiter

Answer 16

This means that when there is not enough iodine in the diet, the thyroid gland can become enlarged. Iodine is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, which are stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). If there is a lack of iodine, T3 and T4 cannot be produced, but TSH continues to be secreted, leading to the growth of the thyroid gland.

Question 17

calcitonin

Answer 17

Peptide hormone
-secreted by C-cells in thyroid glands
-Acts to reduce blood calcium by stimulating calcium deposition

Question 18

What is bone remodeling?

Answer 18

1. resorption(bone loss)
   osteoclasts, result loss of Ca to blood
2. ossification(new bone formation)
   osteoblasts, secrete new bone

Question 19

Lower Ca level

Answer 19

inhibits osteoclasts
In the kidney, it inhibits reabsorption of Ca2+ allowing it to be excreted in the urine

Question 20

Parathyroid glands

Answer 20

secrete PTH parathyroid hormone to increase concentration of calcium in blood
-Stimulates bone cells to release Ca2+ into blood
-Stimulates the activation of vitamin D, which promotes Ca2+
absorption into the blood from food in the small intestine
- active reabsorption of calcium from kidney

Question 21

Difference between PTH and calcitonin

Answer 21

PTH: secreted by the parathyroid glands; acts to increase the concentration of calcium (Ca2+) in the blood
Calcitonin: a hormone produced by thyroid gland; acts to decrease calcium concentration in blood