14.1

Question 1

What are the 3 key players in adaptive immune response?

Answer 1

1. antigens
   2.immuniglobins(antibodies + receptors)
   4.lymphocyte(B and T)

Question 2

What are the two types of adaptive immune response?

Answer 2

1. antibody mediated immunity aka humoral immunity
   - Involves the production and secretion of antibodies by B cells.
2. cell mediated immunity
   - activation of T cells to directly attack and kill infected cells

Question 3

What is an antigen?

Answer 3

Molecule present on the outside of a pathogen, antigen receptors or antigen antibody can bind to it to trigger immune responses.

Question 4

What is epitope?

Answer 4

It is the specific portion of an antigen that is recognized and bound by an antibody or an antigen receptor.
-antigen specifity

Question 5

Why is it important that antigens can originate from the body and the environment?

Answer 5

This ability to distinguish between self and non-self antigens is crucial for maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases.

Question 6

V(D)J recombination

Answer 6

Gene segment V/D/J combine to form function genes that encode for antibodies or lymphocytes, occurs during early development. Crucial for antibody diversity that can recognize many antigens

Question 7

What is the clonal selection theory?

Answer 7

1. stem cell produces immature lymphocytes with many antigen receptors
   2.Negative selection: receptors that bind to antigens from the body’s own tissues are eliminated or destroyed.
   3.The lymphocytes that do not bind to self-antigens mature into inactive lymphocytes
   4.activated lymphocytes then multiply and differentiate into effector cells, which specifically target and eliminate the pathogen.

Question 8

How does the thymus relate to T-cells?

Answer 8

Thymus are where T cells mature. T cells have receptors that attach foreign substances. If a T cell attacks own proteins, thymus is in charge of removing it, ensures
T cells are able to fight off infections without harming our own body.

Question 9

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

Answer 9

*characterized by their immunoglobin
1.IgM
2.IgG
3. IgA
4. IgE
5.IgD.

Question 10

IgM

Answer 10

-first antibody produced during initial immune response
-Shape: pentamer

Question 11

IgG

Answer 11

-must abundant antibody
-only it can pass from placenta to fetus
-involved in opsonization (coating pathogens to enhance phagocytosis),-activation of the complement system.

Question 12

IgA

Answer 12

-found in muscosal areas
-shape: dimer (made up of two subunits)
- provides localized immunity by preventing pathogens from attaching to mucosal surfaces.

Question 13

IgE

Answer 13

-involved in allergic reactions and immune responses to parasites, symtoms like itch and swelling
-triggers histamine release

Question 14

IgD.

Answer 14

-found on surface of mature B cells
-activates B cells
-believed to play a role in the regulation of immune responses.

Question 15

The body is able to produce millions of different antibodies
because it… ?
A. has millions of different genes that code for each type of
antibody
B. combines different segments of the same gene and
removing different introns for different antibodies

Answer 15

B. combines different segments of the same gene and
removes different introns for different antibodies

Question 16

dendritic cells

Answer 16

antigen presenting cell (APC); present in tissues that are in contact with the external environment, once activated, they migrate to the lymph nodes where they interact with T cells and B cells to initiate adaptive immune response

Question 17

Helper T cells trigger both a ___
Helper T cells are able to do so because they have…

Answer 17

humoral and cell-mediated response (CMI)
cytokines which
-initiate antibody production[humoral-secretion of antibodies by B cells.]
-Activate T cells to kill infected cells[CMI]

Question 18

Two requirements needed for a helper T cell to activate the
adaptive immune response

Answer 18

1. antigen receptors on antigen presenting cell (APC) such as macrophage or B cell. APC have MHC class II proteins
   2.antigen receptors binds to T cel receptor on helper T cell

Question 19

why is it important that an antigen receptors binds to T cell receptor on helper T cell?

Answer 19

-activate a B cell to give
rise to antibody secreting cells (plasma cells)

Question 20

relationship between antigens and antibodies

Answer 20

antigens are the molecules that trigger an immune response, while antibodies are the proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigens.

Question 21

How does antibodies interact with antigens?

Answer 21

1. Opsonization: antibodies can coat pathogen and make them more easily recognizable
2. Agglutination: antibodies can clump together pathogens to prevent them from infecting others
3. Neutralization: Antibodies fill receptor sites on viruses, prevent attachment to host
4. Enhancement of phagocytosis: antibodies can bind to pathogens and enhance recognition of pathogens by phagocytic cells.
5. Activate complement system: antibodies can stimulate complement system by forming holes in pathogen membrane

Question 22

Difference between B and T cells

Answer 22

Difference in the way B cells and T cells recognize antigens.

In other words, T cells need the antigen to be presented to them, while B cells can directly bind to the antigen.