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BIO216 > Topic.6.The.Brain.and.The.Nervous.System:Structure.and.Function.Powerpoint.6.0.key-brain-regions > Flashcards

Topic.6.The.Brain.and.The.Nervous.System:Structure.and.Function.Powerpoint.6.0.key-brain-regions Flashcards

1
Q

Invertebrates have a ___ nervous system than vertebrates

A

simpler

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2
Q

What is cephalization?

A

development of the anterior head where sensory organs and nervous tissue are concentrated

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3
Q

In the evolution of the nervous system, list these in order bilateral symmetry, nerve net, and nerve cord

A

Nerve net, nerve chord, bilateral symmetry

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4
Q

sea star has what type of nervous system?

A

nerve net-loose mesh of neurons found in radially symmetrical animals

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5
Q

flatworm has what type of nervous system?

A

Nerve cord: bundle of nerves which extend from the central ganglia to the rest of the body

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6
Q

T/F Brain and ganglia are the same

A

False:
Ganglia: functional clusters of neurons
Brain: more complex

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7
Q

What is bilateral symmetry?

A

organization of the nervous system; paired nerves linking lobes in the brain with specific muscles and receptors allow for sophisticated sensory processing

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8
Q

Differential gene expression at specific times_____ and in specific regions ____gave rise to cell _____ and cell _____

A

(temporal), (spatially); cell differentiation, cell determination (cell fates)

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9
Q

Neural tube

A

is the precursor of the CNS
(brain and spinal chord)

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10
Q

neural crest cells

A

migrate and differentiate
into a number of varied cell types

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11
Q

Cadherins

A

-Calcium-dependent adhesion molecules
-Transmembrane proteins
-Role in cell adhesion, ensures that cells within tissues are bound together

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12
Q

What are the 5 functions of the brain?

A

-receive information
-integrate information
-send out information
-store information
-retrieve information

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13
Q

What are the key features of the brain?

A

-blood-brain barrier
-Meninges
-ventricular system

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14
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about
the blood brain barrier?
A. Endothelial cells that form capillaries in the brain are sealed
by tight junctions
B. Large molecules pass freely from the blood to surrounding
fluids in the brain
C. Tight junctions prevent most substances dissolved in the
blood from entering the cerebrospinal fluid

A

B. Large molecules pass freely from the blood to the surrounding
fluids in the brain

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15
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

-Separation of circulating blood and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)
-occurs along capillaries with tight junctions, which are made out of endothelial cells that restrict diffusion of microscopic objects into CSF
-Cells of the barrier actively transport metabolic products

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16
Q

Which of the following do not normally pass through the blood-brain barrier?
A. Glucose
B. Alcohol, carbon dioxide, anesthetics
C. Nicotine
D. Bacteria, viruses, other toxic substances

A

D. Bacteria, viruses, other toxic substances

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17
Q

What are meninges?

A

3 layers of connective tissue covering the brain and spinal cord
-pia
-arachnoid
-dura mater

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18
Q

What is the function of meninges?

A

-provides structural support for blood vessels
-serves as pad between brain and skull

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19
Q

What is CSF?
Where can i find it?
What exact space can i find it in?
Function?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid
- a clear colorless liquid produced in the choroid plexus, made out of glial cells or ependymal cells
-found in the brain and spinal cord
-found in subarachnoid space(b/w P/A)
-function: circulates nutrients and chemicals filtered from the blood and removes waste products from the brain

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20
Q

What protects the head from striking the cranium when the head is jolted?

A

CSF

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21
Q

What provides support and buoyancy to the brain against gravity?

A

CSF
brain floats in neutral buoyancy in CSF

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22
Q

If the brain had no neutral buoyancy, what would happen?

A

brain with rest on floor of cranium which would kill nervous tissue

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23
Q

T/F brain provides chemical balance/stability?

A

True

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24
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Cavities in the brain
filled with CSF
-absorbs shock

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25
Q

What are the four ventricles?

A

Left and Right lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle

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26
Q

subdural hematoma

A

a swelling containing blood

27
Q

What can we expect to find in a person with Alzheimer disease?
-hint: shock

A

ventricular volume is higher

28
Q

The brain made up of what 3 large parts?

A

-forebrain
-midbrain
-hindbrain

29
Q

Forebrain contains the entire cerebrum which are made up of what two hemispheres?

A

Left hemisphere
right hemisphere

30
Q

What hemisphere senses signals if my sister hits me on my right side and I hit her back with my right hand?

A

left hemisphere sense signals on right side and controls movement on right side

31
Q

What connects the two hemispheres in the cerebrum?

A

corpus callosum-thick axon bundles

32
Q

T/F there is no lateralization between the right and left hemispheres

A

false: there is a difference in function between left and right hemisphere

33
Q

The left hemisphere is believed to be involved in what?

A

Focus on detail(identify face), spoken and written language, abstract reasoning, math

34
Q

The right hemisphere is believed to be involved in what?

A

focus on broad background(spacing), intuitive thinking, conceptualization, music and art

35
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

the outermost thin layer of grey matter covering the white matter
-grey matter: neuron cell bodies and debdrites
-white matter: axons with myelin
**It can convolute

36
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

Regulates cognitive function
-Primary somatosensory area(receives and integrates sensory info)
-Primary motor area
-Association areas(integrate sensory info and formulate response, relay to motor area)

37
Q

cerebrum is made up of what 4 lobes?

A

-frontal lobe
-temporal lobe
-occipital lobe
-parietal lobe

38
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Executive function
think, organize, plan

39
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Sits behind the frontal lobe, deals with perception and integration of stimuli from the senses
Ex: TV person-stroke

40
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Back of brain, concerned with vision

41
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

runs along side of brain, under the frontal and parietal, and deals with smell, sound, and formation and storage of memories

42
Q

If we see a mouse walking funny. What might me wrong with them?

A

Something wrong with their cerebellum.
The cerebellum is found on the posterior end and is in charge of coordinating and refining body movement by information integration and comparison of sensory input

43
Q

The brain stem connects __ to ___

A

forebrain, spinal chord

44
Q

Brain stem composed of what three structures?

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

45
Q

What are the vital functions of the brain stem?

A

-heart and respiration rate
-blood pressure
-blood vessel dilation
-digestive system reflexes

46
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Found in brain stem, network of neurons in the brain stem that connect the thalamus to the spinal chord.
Integrates incoming sensory info
Filters incoming info

47
Q

The reticular formation is separated into what two regions?

A

Ascending: sends stimulatory signals to the thalamus to activate the cerebral cortex
-alertness and consciousness
-filters stimuli
-abnormalities/coma
Descending: receives info from hypothalamus and connect to interneurons in spinal chord that control skeletal muscle contraction

48
Q

What is the midbrain and what are the 2 functions?

A

It’s the smallest region of the brain and acts as a relay station for auditory and visual info. It also controls eye movement.

49
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

A

part of the midbrain, involved in dopamine and serotonin-producing neurons which are involved in pleasure/reward circuit

50
Q

Substantia nigra

A

part of the midbrain, involved in controlling body movement, involved in dopamine-producing neurons, degeneration associated with Parkinson

51
Q

Substantia nigra is a component of

A

basal ganglia

52
Q

Thalamus is derived from

A

forebrain, structure between cerebral cortex and midbrain

53
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

relay signals from special senses and motor signals to cerebral cortex.

54
Q

Hypothalamus derived from

A

forebrain, below thalamus and above brain stem

55
Q

How does ADH relate to the hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamus secretes neurohormones like ADH

56
Q

Hypothalamus connects _ system to __ system via ___

A

nervous, endocrine, pituitary gland

57
Q

What are key functions of hypothalamus?

A

-Controls body temperature
- hunger/ thirst
-fatigue/circadian cycles
-Trigger sweating, shivering.
-Monitors the osmotic balance of the blood

58
Q

What is the basal nuclei/ basal ganglia?

A

A group of nuclei of varied origin in the brains of vertebrates that act as a cohesive functional unit.
Found around thalamus
Involved with voluntary movement

59
Q

Damage to basal ganglia is associated with what disease?

A

Parkinson

60
Q

What is limbic system

A

function network
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
- basal nuclei
-Amygdala (emotion, fear)
-Hippocampus (memory)
-Olfactory bulbs (smell)

61
Q

Limbic system is often called the

A

“Emotional Brain”:

62
Q

WHat is the hippocampus?

A

Part of the limbic system;
-consolidates info in short/long term memory
- spatial navigation

63
Q

Hippocampus associated with what disease?

A

Alzheimer

BIO216 (39 decks)

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