Topic.6.The.Brain.and.The.Nervous.System:Structure.and.Function.Powerpoint.6.0.key-brain-regions Flashcards
Invertebrates have a ___ nervous system than vertebrates
simpler
What is cephalization?
development of the anterior head where sensory organs and nervous tissue are concentrated
In the evolution of the nervous system, list these in order bilateral symmetry, nerve net, and nerve cord
Nerve net, nerve chord, bilateral symmetry
sea star has what type of nervous system?
nerve net-loose mesh of neurons found in radially symmetrical animals
flatworm has what type of nervous system?
Nerve cord: bundle of nerves which extend from the central ganglia to the rest of the body
T/F Brain and ganglia are the same
False:
Ganglia: functional clusters of neurons
Brain: more complex
What is bilateral symmetry?
organization of the nervous system; paired nerves linking lobes in the brain with specific muscles and receptors allow for sophisticated sensory processing
Differential gene expression at specific times_____ and in specific regions ____gave rise to cell _____ and cell _____
(temporal), (spatially); cell differentiation, cell determination (cell fates)
Neural tube
is the precursor of the CNS
(brain and spinal chord)
neural crest cells
migrate and differentiate
into a number of varied cell types
Cadherins
-Calcium-dependent adhesion molecules
-Transmembrane proteins
-Role in cell adhesion, ensures that cells within tissues are bound together
What are the 5 functions of the brain?
-receive information
-integrate information
-send out information
-store information
-retrieve information
What are the key features of the brain?
-blood-brain barrier
-Meninges
-ventricular system
Which of the following is NOT true about
the blood brain barrier?
A. Endothelial cells that form capillaries in the brain are sealed
by tight junctions
B. Large molecules pass freely from the blood to surrounding
fluids in the brain
C. Tight junctions prevent most substances dissolved in the
blood from entering the cerebrospinal fluid
B. Large molecules pass freely from the blood to the surrounding
fluids in the brain
What is the blood-brain barrier?
-Separation of circulating blood and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)
-occurs along capillaries with tight junctions, which are made out of endothelial cells that restrict diffusion of microscopic objects into CSF
-Cells of the barrier actively transport metabolic products
Which of the following do not normally pass through the blood-brain barrier?
A. Glucose
B. Alcohol, carbon dioxide, anesthetics
C. Nicotine
D. Bacteria, viruses, other toxic substances
D. Bacteria, viruses, other toxic substances
What are meninges?
3 layers of connective tissue covering the brain and spinal cord
-pia
-arachnoid
-dura mater
What is the function of meninges?
-provides structural support for blood vessels
-serves as pad between brain and skull
What is CSF?
Where can i find it?
What exact space can i find it in?
Function?
Cerebrospinal fluid
- a clear colorless liquid produced in the choroid plexus, made out of glial cells or ependymal cells
-found in the brain and spinal cord
-found in subarachnoid space(b/w P/A)
-function: circulates nutrients and chemicals filtered from the blood and removes waste products from the brain
What protects the head from striking the cranium when the head is jolted?
CSF
What provides support and buoyancy to the brain against gravity?
CSF
brain floats in neutral buoyancy in CSF
If the brain had no neutral buoyancy, what would happen?
brain with rest on floor of cranium which would kill nervous tissue
T/F brain provides chemical balance/stability?
True
What are ventricles?
Cavities in the brain
filled with CSF
-absorbs shock
What are the four ventricles?
Left and Right lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
subdural hematoma
a swelling containing blood
What can we expect to find in a person with Alzheimer disease?
-hint: shock
ventricular volume is higher
The brain made up of what 3 large parts?
-forebrain
-midbrain
-hindbrain
Forebrain contains the entire cerebrum which are made up of what two hemispheres?
Left hemisphere
right hemisphere
What hemisphere senses signals if my sister hits me on my right side and I hit her back with my right hand?
left hemisphere sense signals on right side and controls movement on right side
What connects the two hemispheres in the cerebrum?
corpus callosum-thick axon bundles
T/F there is no lateralization between the right and left hemispheres
false: there is a difference in function between left and right hemisphere
The left hemisphere is believed to be involved in what?
Focus on detail(identify face), spoken and written language, abstract reasoning, math
The right hemisphere is believed to be involved in what?
focus on broad background(spacing), intuitive thinking, conceptualization, music and art
What is the cerebral cortex?
the outermost thin layer of grey matter covering the white matter
-grey matter: neuron cell bodies and debdrites
-white matter: axons with myelin
**It can convolute
What is the function of the cerebral cortex?
Regulates cognitive function
-Primary somatosensory area(receives and integrates sensory info)
-Primary motor area
-Association areas(integrate sensory info and formulate response, relay to motor area)
cerebrum is made up of what 4 lobes?
-frontal lobe
-temporal lobe
-occipital lobe
-parietal lobe
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Executive function
think, organize, plan
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Sits behind the frontal lobe, deals with perception and integration of stimuli from the senses
Ex: TV person-stroke
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Back of brain, concerned with vision
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
runs along side of brain, under the frontal and parietal, and deals with smell, sound, and formation and storage of memories
If we see a mouse walking funny. What might me wrong with them?
Something wrong with their cerebellum.
The cerebellum is found on the posterior end and is in charge of coordinating and refining body movement by information integration and comparison of sensory input
The brain stem connects __ to ___
forebrain, spinal chord
Brain stem composed of what three structures?
medulla, pons, midbrain
What are the vital functions of the brain stem?
-heart and respiration rate
-blood pressure
-blood vessel dilation
-digestive system reflexes
What is the reticular formation?
Found in brain stem, network of neurons in the brain stem that connect the thalamus to the spinal chord.
Integrates incoming sensory info
Filters incoming info
The reticular formation is separated into what two regions?
Ascending: sends stimulatory signals to the thalamus to activate the cerebral cortex
-alertness and consciousness
-filters stimuli
-abnormalities/coma
Descending: receives info from hypothalamus and connect to interneurons in spinal chord that control skeletal muscle contraction
What is the midbrain and what are the 2 functions?
It’s the smallest region of the brain and acts as a relay station for auditory and visual info. It also controls eye movement.
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
part of the midbrain, involved in dopamine and serotonin-producing neurons which are involved in pleasure/reward circuit
Substantia nigra
part of the midbrain, involved in controlling body movement, involved in dopamine-producing neurons, degeneration associated with Parkinson
Substantia nigra is a component of
basal ganglia
Thalamus is derived from
forebrain, structure between cerebral cortex and midbrain
What is the function of the thalamus?
relay signals from special senses and motor signals to cerebral cortex.
Hypothalamus derived from
forebrain, below thalamus and above brain stem
How does ADH relate to the hypothalamus?
Hypothalamus secretes neurohormones like ADH
Hypothalamus connects _ system to __ system via ___
nervous, endocrine, pituitary gland
What are key functions of hypothalamus?
-Controls body temperature
- hunger/ thirst
-fatigue/circadian cycles
-Trigger sweating, shivering.
-Monitors the osmotic balance of the blood
What is the basal nuclei/ basal ganglia?
A group of nuclei of varied origin in the brains of vertebrates that act as a cohesive functional unit.
Found around thalamus
Involved with voluntary movement
Damage to basal ganglia is associated with what disease?
Parkinson
What is limbic system
function network
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
- basal nuclei
-Amygdala (emotion, fear)
-Hippocampus (memory)
-Olfactory bulbs (smell)
Limbic system is often called the
“Emotional Brain”:
WHat is the hippocampus?
Part of the limbic system;
-consolidates info in short/long term memory
- spatial navigation
Hippocampus associated with what disease?
Alzheimer
