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Anatomy > Topic 9: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Topic 9: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the integumentary system consist of?

A

-skin
-hair
-nails
-glands
-nervous sense receptors
-hypodermis
-muscles surrounding

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2
Q

how many layers does the skin have? what are these layers called?

A

-2 layers
-epidermis (superficial layer)
-dermis (deep layer)

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3
Q

what is the layer below the skin?

A

-hypodermis

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4
Q

is the hypodermis considered to be apart of the skin?

A

-NO

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5
Q

what are the characteristics of the epidermis?

A

-stratified squamous epithelium (from ectoderm)
-avascular
-seperated into 4-5 strata (sub-layers) depending on the cell type

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6
Q

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A

-stratum basale
-stratum spinosum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum lucidum
-stratum corneum

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7
Q

what is the stratum basale composed of?

A

-single row of cells
-two cell types (keratinocytes + melanocytes)

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8
Q

what are the abundances of the two cell types present in the stratum basale?

A

-keratinocytes (90%)
-melanocytes (10%)

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9
Q

what are the basics of keratinocytes?

A

-undergo mitosis
-make keratin (a very tough protein)

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10
Q

what happens when new cells are produced in the stratum basale?

A

-keratinocytes are pushed to the surface

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11
Q

what are the basics of melanocytes?

A

-produce pigment (melanin) for UV light protection
-protects from sunburns, wrinkles (collagen damage), and cancer (DNA damage)

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12
Q

why do humans differ in skin colour?

A

-we all have the same relative number of melanocytes
-cells will produce different amounts/shades of melanin
-albinism is a lack of melanin produced by melanocytes
-blood (hemoglobin) in the dermis can give fair skinned people a pinkish tinge (areas of thin skin)

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13
Q

what is the stratum spinosum?

A

-above the stratum basale
-has low levels of mitosis

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14
Q

what is within the stratum granulosum?

A

-dark staining granules that help to produce keratin and begin to produce waterproofing glycolipids
-last layer of living cells
-no mitosis occuring

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15
Q

what is contained in the stratum lucidum?

A

-flat, dead cells
-they are too far away from the blood supply

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16
Q

in what type of skin is the stratum lucidum?

A

-thick skin

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17
Q

what is the stratum corneum composed of? what happens to this layer?

A

-many layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin which are surrounded by waterproofing glycolipids
-shed and replaced from below

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18
Q

what is the purpose of the glycolipids surrounding the dead cells in the stratum corneum?

A

-to prevent water loss

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19
Q

what does the dermis layer of the skin contain?

A

-blood vessels
-nerves
-glands
-hair follicles
-arrector pili muscles

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20
Q

what are the two sub-layers of the dermis?

A

-papillary layer
-reticular layer

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21
Q

what is the papillary layer of the dermis?

A

-directly beneath the epidermis
-made of areolar CT
-vascular (lots of blood flow)
-has projections into the epidermis called dermal papillae

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22
Q

what do the dermal papillae form in thick skin?

A

-fingerprints
-improved grip

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23
Q

what is the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

-majority of the dermis
-made of dense irregular CT

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24
Q

what is the hypodermis?

A

-subcutaneous layer (lies under the skin)
-superficial fascia
-composed of adipose CT

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25
Q

what is fascia?

A

-connective tissue layers that surround and support organs

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26
Q

how much adipose tissue does the hypodermis store?

A

-half of the bodies total
-used for insulation

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27
Q

what differentiates thin skin?

A

-lucidum is absent
-has hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and arrector pili muscles
-covers most of the body

28
Q

what differentiates thick skin?

A

-found on palms of hands and soles of feet
-lucidum is present
-no hair follicles, sebaceous glands, or arrector pili muscles

29
Q

what structures are formed by the epidermis?

A

-hair
-nails
-skin exocrine glands

30
Q

what cells make up our hair?

A

-dead cells

31
Q

what are the parts of hair?

A

-root
-shaft
-hair follicle

32
Q

what is the hair root?

A

-part of the hair embedded within the skin

33
Q

what is the hair shaft?

A

-visible part of the hair that is above the surface of the skin

34
Q

what is the hair follicle?

A

-surrounds the hair root
-contains the epithelial root sheath, bulb, and matrix
-also contains the outer CT sheath, hair papilla, root hair plexus, sebaceous gland, arrector pili muscle

35
Q

what is the epithelial root sheath?

A

-several epidermal layers that extend into the dermis

36
Q

what is the bulb of the hair follicle?

A

-expanded region at the base of the root

37
Q

what is the matrix of the hair follicle?

A

-single layer of cells (derived from basale cells)
-site of hair growth and melanin for hair colour
-not associated with the extracellular matrix

38
Q

what is the outer CT sheath?

A

-formed from the dermis
-holds the follicle in place

39
Q

what is the hair papilla?

A

-extends upwards, beneath the matrix
-contains blood supply for hair growth (blood vessels)
-formed from the dermis

40
Q

what is the hair root plexus?

A

-free nerve endings (touch)
-why pulling of hair hurts
-generates nerve impulses if the hair shafts are moved

41
Q

what is a sebaceous gland?

A

-oil gland (exocrine)
-opens into the follicle
-secretes sebum
-prevents hair from becoming dry and brittle by coating the surface of hairs
-also lubricates skin
-antibiotic function as well

42
Q

what are arrector pili muscles?

A

-smooth muscle tissue
-causes goosebumps

43
Q

what do our nails consist of?

A

-heavily keratinized epidermal cells
-has a nail root (buried in the skin)
-body (visible portion)
-free edge (end of nail)

44
Q

what are sudoriferous glands?

A

-sweat glands
-have secretory portions in the dermis of thick and thin skin
-ducts open onto the skin surface

45
Q

what is the purpose of sudoriferous glands?

A

-temp. regulation (cools the body)
-antibiotic (acidic)
-removes small amounts of waste (urea)

46
Q

what are ceruminous glands?

A

-modified sweat glands
-in the ear canal
-produce ear wax (ex: prevents insects from entering)

47
Q

what is the most active layer of the epidermis?

A

-stratum basale
-constantly undergoing mitosis

48
Q

what epidermis layers contain living cells?

A

-stratum basale
-stratum spinosum
-stratum granulosum

49
Q

what epidermis layers contain dead cells?

A

-stratum lucidum
-stratum corneum

50
Q

what are mammary glands?

A

-modified sweat glands
-produce milk

51
Q

what are the skin exocrine glands?

A

-sebaceous glands
-sudoriferous glands
-ceruminous glands
-mammary glands

52
Q

what is the tissue type of the exocrine glands in the skin?

A

-glandular epithelium

53
Q

why are nails heavily keratinized?

A

-they need to be strong
-stops them from breaking and being brittle

54
Q

what are cutaneous sense receptors?

A

-sensory neurons part of the nervous system (long in order to pass signals)
-specialized cells that respond to stimuli (touch, temp,pain)
-have 4 major types

55
Q

what are the 4 major types of cutaneous sense receptors?

A

-touch receptors
-pressure receptors
-thermoreceptors
-nociceptors

56
Q

what are touch receptors?

A

-free nerve endings that branch into the epidermis
-root hair plexuses
-meissner’s corpuscles (dermal papillae)
-all need little pressure to fire

57
Q

what is a corpuscle?

A

-connective tissue capsule that surrounds nerve endings

58
Q

what are the types of pressure receptors?

A

-free nerve endings that branch in the dermis
-lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles
-these need more pressure to fire

59
Q

where are pacinian (lameller) corpuscles located?

A

-deep in the dermis or in the hypodermis

60
Q

what are thermoreceptors?

A

-free nerve endings that respond to temperature

61
Q

what are nociceptors?

A

-free nerve endings that respond to pain

62
Q

what degree of burn destroys the nociceptors?

A

-3rd degree
-cant feel the pain

63
Q

do all sensory receptors contain pain? or just nociceptors?

A

-all contain pain reactions
-nociceptors are more prominent/general

64
Q

what composes sebum?

A

-mix of fats, salts, and proteins

65
Q

what is psoriasis?

A

-autoimmune disorder
-causes accelerated mitosis of keratinocytes in the stratum basale which delays maturation and differentiation
-immature keratinocytes accumulate in the epidermis
-stratum corneum fails to shed
-thick scaly layer on the surface of the skin (plaque)

Anatomy (29 decks)

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