Topic 10: Skeletal System Flashcards
what is the standard anatomical position?
-feet, face, and palms forward
what does superior mean?
-towards the head or upper part of the body
what does inferior mean?
-below the head or toward the lower part of the body
what does anterior mean?
-toward the front of the body
what does posterior mean?
-toward the back of the body
what does medial mean?
-towards the midline of the body
what does lateral mean?
-away from the midline of the body
what does proximal mean?
-close to the origin/body part
what does distal mean?
-far away from the origin/body part
what does superficial mean?
-closer to the bodies surface
what does deep mean?
-far away from the bodies surface
what are the two divisions of the skeleton?
-axial skeleton
-appendicular skeleton
what bones create the axial skeleton?
-skull
-hyoid bone
-vertebral column
-thoracic cage (sternum + ribs)
what bones create the appendicular skeleton?
-limbs + bones that attach to the axial skeleton (girdles)
-pectoral girdle
-pelvic girdle
-upper limb (arm, forearm, hand)
-lower limb (thigh, leg, foot)
what do we call the connections between bones?
-articulations
-ex: the humerus articulates with the scapula
what are the 3 main groupings of the skull?
-cranium (8)
-facial bones (14)
-auditory ossicles (6)
what are the cranium bones?
-next to the brain
-1 frontal bone
-2 parietal bones
-2 temporal bones
-1 sphenoid bone
-1 ethmoid bone
-1 occipital bone
what does the ethmoid bone form?
-superior and middle nasal chonchae
what are the facial bones?
-2 nasal bones
-2 maxillae bones
-2 zygomatic bones
-2 lacrimal bones
-2 palatine bones
-2 inferior nasal chonchae
-1 vomer
-1 mandible
what facial bones form the hard palate?
-2 palatine
-2 maxillae
what are paired bones?
-bones that we have two of
-ex: left and right temporal bones
what are the auditory ossicles?
-2 incus
-2 malleus
-2 stapes
-1 on each side
-for sound transmission
what is the function of the hyoid bone?
-attaches muscles of the tongue and neck
-assists in swallowing
-does not contain joints/connections/articulations to other bones
how many vertebrae form the vertebral column? how many regions are there?
-26 vertebrae
-5 regions
-what are the 5 regions of the vertebral column?
-cervical (7)
-thoracic (12)
-lumbar (5)
-sacrum
-coccyx
what is the typical vertebrae structure?
-body (thick anterior portion)
-spinous process (medial posterior projection)
-2 transverse processes (lateral bony projections)
-2 lamina (connects the spinous and transverse)
-2 pedicles (connects body to the transverse process)
-vertebral foramen (hole for spinal cord)
-superior + inferior articular facets
-intervertebral foramina (exit for spinal nerves)
what is the purpose of the transverse processes?
-muscle attachment
what articulates with the superior and inferior articular facets?
-vertebrae above and below
what are the atypical vertebrae of the cervical region? what makes them atypical?
-C1 (atlas)
-no body or spinous process
-C2 (axis)
-contain the dens (odontoid process)
what does the C1 (atlas) vertebrae articulate with? what motion does this allow for?
-occipital condyle of the skull
-flexion and extension of the neck (nodding yes motion)
what is the purpose of the odontoid process of the C2 (axis) vertebrae? what motion does it allow for?
-pivot joint where the atlas swivels
-allows for rotation of the head (shaking no motion)
what feature do all cervical vertebrae share? what passes through this feature?
-transverse foramina
-vertebral arteries
what do the thoracic vertebrae articulate with? how do they do this?
-articulate with the ribs
-the costal facets on the transverse processes
what is special about lumbar vertebrae? how does this relate to their function?
-have large bodies and rectangular spinous processes
-helps support upper body weight
-spinous processes are not used for attachement
what does the sacrum consist of?
-5 fused vertebrae
what articulates with the sacrum?
-ilium
-5th lumbar vertebrae
what is the coccyx composed of? what is its other name?
-3-5 fused vertebrae (typically 4)
-the tailbone
what is the curvature of the cervical and lumbar regions?
-convex anteriorly
-concave posteriorly
what is the curvature of the thoracic and sacrum regions?
-concave anteriorly
-convex posteriorly
what does convex and concave mean?
-concave is going inward
-convex is going outward
what are the 3 abnormal curvatures?
-scoliosis
-kyphosis
-lordosis
what is the curvature of scoliosis?
-spinal column curves laterally
what is the curvature of kyphosis?
-exaggerated thoracic curve
-hunchback
what is the curvature of lordosis?
-exaggerated lumbar curve
-swayback
-hoe.
what is the thoracic cage?
-sternum (breastbone)
-ribs
what are the 3 parts of the sternum?
-manubrium (superior)
-body (middle)
-xiphoid process (inferior)
what do the ribs articulate with?
-with the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
how many pairs of ribs do you have? which pairs are true and which are false?
-12 pairs total
-7 pairs of true ribs
-5 pairs of false ribs (2 pairs are floating ribs)
what makes ribs “true ribs”?
-attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilage
what type of cartilage is costal cartilage?
-hyaline cartilage
what makes ribs “false ribs”?
-attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage of rib 7 (ribs 8-10)
-attach not at all (ribs 11-12)
what keeps the floating ribs floating?
-they are embedded in muscle
what creates the pectoral girdle?
-clavicle (collarbone)
-scapula (shoulder blades)
what does the clavicle articulate with?
-the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion process of the scapula
what does the clavicle connect?
-the axial and appendicular skeletons
what are the parts of the scapula?
-spine (posterior)
-acromion process
-glenoid fossa
-coracoid process
what does the glenoid fossa articulate with?
-head of the humerus
what is the purpose of the coracoid process?
-attaches muscles of the arm and chest
what is the pelvic girdle composed of?
-2 os coxae (hip bones)
what are the 3 bones of the os coxa (hip bone)?
-ilium
-ischium
-pubis
what joins the left and right pubis bones?
-pubic symphysis
what are the 3 joints of the pelvic girdle?
-pubic symphysis
-sacroiliac joint (sacrum + ilium)
-acetabulum (all 3 bones join here)
what articulates with the acetabulum?
-head of the femur
what joint joins the axial and appendicular skeleton?
-sacroiliac joint
what bones create the upper limb?
-humerus
-radius (lateral)
-ulna (medial)
-8 carpals (wrist)
-5 metacarpals (palm)
-14 phalanges (digits/fingers)
per side, double for body
what bones create the lower limb?
-femur
-patella (knee cap)
-tibia (medial)
-fibula (lateral)
-7 tarsals
-5 metatarsals (sole)
-14 phalanges (digits/toes)
per side, double for body
what are the two main tarsals?
-talus
-calcaneus (heel bone)
what does the talus articulate with?
tibia
what are the components of long bone?
-diaphysis
-epiphyses
-epiphyseal plate
-medullary cavity
-periosteum
-endosteum
-articular cartilage
what is the diaphysis?
-body of the bone
what is the epiphyses?
-proximal and distal ends (extremities) of the bone
what is the epiphyseal plate?
-hyaline cartilage
-used for bone growth (length)
what is the epiphyseal line?
-replaces the epiphyseal plate with bone instead of cartilage once growth is complete
-where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet
what is the medullary cavity?
-contains bone marrow
-red bone marrow in children
-yellow bone marrow in adults
what is the difference between the epiphyseal line and epiphyseal plate?
-epiphyseal line = mature, made of bone
-epiphyseal plate = immature, made of cartilage
what is the periosteum?
-external surface
-2 layers of connective tissue
what two layers of connective tissue form the periosteum? what do these layers allow?
-outer = dense irregular (attachment)
-inner = osteoblasts + osteoclasts (bone)
-inner layer allows bone to grow in diameter and has lots of sensory nerves
what is the endosteum?
-lines the medullary cavity and canals
-contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
what is articular cartilage? where is it found? what is its function?
-hyaline cartilage
-found only at articulation points
-prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)
what are the two types of bone?
-compact bone (covers external surfaces of all bones)
-spongy bone
what is the structure of compact bone?
-composed of osteons
what does each osteon contain?
-lamellae
-lacunae
-canaliculi
-central canal
-perforating canal
what is the lamellae?
-concentric circles of matrix
what is the lacunae?
-spaces within the matrix where osteocytes live
-between lamellae
what is the canaliculi?
-small channels that connect osteocytes to the blood supply and to each other
what is the central canal?
-contains blood vessels and nerves
-lined with endosteum
what is the perforating canal?
-perpendicular to the central canal
-carry blood and nerve supply from the periosteum to the central canals and medullary cavity
what is the structure of spongy bone?
-no osteons
-have trabeculae
-canaliculi connect osteocytes in the lacunae
-spaces that contain bone marrow (red marrow produces blood cells)
what are the trabeculae?
-irregularly arranged lamellae
-specific pattern that they follow
where can you find spongy bone?
-flat and irregular bones
-ex: skull, ribs, vertebrae
-long bones
-ex: epiphyses, lining the medullary cavity
what are the two classes of articulations/joints?
-structural
-functional
what are structural classifications of joints based on?
-presence and absence of joint cavity
-type of CT joining bones
what are the types of structural joints?
-fibrous
-cartilaginous
-synovial
what are the characteristics of fibrous joints?
-no joint cavity
-fibrous CT
-ex: sutures in the skull or fontanelles in newborns
what are the characteristics of cartilaginous joints?
-no joint cavity
-cartilage attaches the bones
-ex: pubic symphysis (fibrocartilage) and costal cartilages of ribs (hyaline cartilage)
what are the characteristics of synovial joints?
-bones are connected by the joint capsule and ligaments
-articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage to reduce friction)
-contain a joint cavity (space between bones containing synovial fluid to reduce friction)
-has a articular/joint capsule
what is an articular/joint capsule?
-encloses the joint cavity
-outer layer is a fibrous capsule (attaches to periosteum)
-capsule can have ligaments around to thicken it
-inner layer is a synovial membrane (CT only) (secretes synovial fluid)
what are the types of synovial joints?
-plane/gliding
-hinge
-pivot
-ball and socket
how are synovial joints catagorized?
-according to the shape of articulating bones
what are plane/gliding joints?
-flat surfaces
-ex: sacroiliac joint
what are hinge joints?
-concave + convex surfaces
-ex: elbow or knee joints
what are pivot joints?
-projections in a ring
-ex: dens on the axis in the atlas
what are ball and socket joints?
-great freedom of movement
-ex: humerus in glenoid fossa
-ex: femur in acetabulum (hip)
what are functional joints based on?
-degree of movement
what are the types of functional joints?
-synarthrotic
-amphiarthrotic
-diarthrotic
what are synarthrotic joints?
-immovable
-ex: skull sutures
what are amphiarthrotic joints?
-slightly moveable
-ex:pubic symphysis (for child birth)
what are diarthrotic joints?
-freely moveable
-ex: hip and shoulder joints
