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Anatomy > Topic 18: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Topic 18: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the basis of the endocrine system?

A

-contains ductless glands + endocrine tissues within other organs
-secretes chemical signals (hormones) into the blood

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2
Q

how are hormones transported within the endocrine system?

A

-transported to target cells by circulation
-bind to receptors on/within target cells
-initiate a change in the cell (response)

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3
Q

what is a target cell?

A

-a cell with a receptor that is for a specific hormone

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4
Q

what are the hormone classes?

A

-steroids
-hormones derived from amino acids
-peptide + protein hormones

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5
Q

what are steroids?

A

-synthesized from cholesterol
-ex: testosterone, estrogen, vitamin d

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6
Q

what are of hormones derived from amino acids?

A

-derived from tyrosine
-thyroxine/T4
-epinephrine + norepinephrine

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7
Q

what is thyroxine/T4?

A

-a thyroid hormone
-controls cellular metabolism, growth, and development

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8
Q

what is epinephrine + norepinephrine

A

-adrenaline and noradrenaline
-secreted by the adrenal medulla
-part of the fight or flight stress response
-part of sexual climax (orgasm)

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9
Q

what are peptide + protein hormones?

A

-chains of amino acids
-held together by peptide bonds
-ex: oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), growth hormone (GH), insulin

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10
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

-do not contain ducts
-pure endocrine glands
-glands with no other function (only function is to produce and secrete hormones)

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11
Q

what are examples of pure endocrine glands?

A

-pituitary gland
-thyroid gland
-parathyroid glands
-adrenal glands

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12
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

-suspended from the hypothalamus
-in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
-has 2 lobes

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13
Q

what are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

-anterior pituitary
-posterior pituitary

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

-glandular epithelial tissue
-hormone secretion is regulated by hormones released by the hypothalamus

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15
Q

what hormones are released by the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

-growth hormone (GH)
-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-gonadotropins (reproductive hormones)
-prolactin (PRL)

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16
Q

what is the function of growth hormone?

A

-affects growth and metabolism

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17
Q

what is the function of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

-stimulates secretions of the thyroid gland

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18
Q

what is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

-stimulates the secretion of steroid hormones from the adrenal gland

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19
Q

what is the function of prolactin (PRL)?

A

-stimulates milk production by the mammary glands

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20
Q

what are the characteristics of the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

-nervous tissue
-extension of the hypothalamus
-stores and secretes hormones produced in the hypothalamus

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21
Q

what hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

-oxytocin
-antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)

22
Q

what is the function of oxytocin?

A

-stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during suckling

23
Q

what is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

-enhances water reabsorption by collecting duct cells of nephrons in the kidney

24
Q

what are the characteristics of the thyroid gland?

A

-butterfly shaped
-on the anterior surface of the superior part of the trachea
-inferior to the larynx

25
Q

what is the histology of the thyroid?

A

-follicles
-parafollicular cells

26
Q

what cells create the walls of follicles in the thyroid gland? what do these cells secrete?

A

-epithelial cells (follicle cells)
-secrete the hormone thyroxine (T4)
-thyroxine is converted to its active form (T3) in target cells

27
Q

what are parafollicular cells?

A

-between the follicles
-secrete calcitonin

28
Q

what is the function of calcitonin?

A

-increases Ca2+ uptake into bone (bone formation)
-lowers blood Ca2+

29
Q

what are the parathyroid glands?

A

-secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-4 glands typically (embedded in the posterior thyroid)

30
Q

what is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

-acts on bone and kidneys to increases blood calcium levels

31
Q

what are the adrenal glands?

A

-on the superior surface of each kidney (2 total)
-2 parts

32
Q

what are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands?

A

-adrenal cortex (outer)
-adrenal medulla (inner)

33
Q

what is the adrenal cortex?

A

-epithelial tissue forming glands
-only secretes steroids
-has 3 layers which each secrete a different hormone

34
Q

what are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex? superficial to deep.

A

-zona glomerulosa
-zona fasciculata
-zona reticularis

35
Q

what hormone does the zona glomerulosa secrete? what is its function?

A

-mainly aldosterone
-acts on nephrons to regulate salt balance

36
Q

what hormone does the zona fasciculata secrete? what is its function?

A

-secretes mainly cortisol
-regulates many body processes during long-term stress

37
Q

what hormone does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

-secretes androgens (sex hormones)
-converted into testosterone or estrogens in other tissues

38
Q

what is the adrenal medulla? what hormones does it secrete?

A

-modified nervous tissue
-secretes 2 main hormones
-epinephrine (80%)
-norepinephrine (20%)
-regulate the fight or flight response

39
Q

what are endocrine tissues?

A

-hormone secreting cells or tissues located in organs that have other functions
-not strictly glands that secrete hormones

40
Q

what are examples of endocrine tissues?

A

-pancreatic islets of langerhans
-hypothalamus
-gonads
-other

41
Q

what are the pancreatic islets?

A

-alpha cells and beta cells in the pancreas

42
Q

what do the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete? what is its function?

A

-secrete glucagon
-increases blood glucose concentration

43
Q

what do the beta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete? what is its function?

A

-secrete insulin
-decreases blood glucose concentration

44
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

-produces and secretes hormones that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary
-produces hormones that are stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary

45
Q

what does gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulate the release of?

A

-FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
-LH (luteinizing hormone)

46
Q

which cells secrete testosterone in the testes?

A

-interstitial endocrine (leydig) cells

47
Q

which cells in the ovaries secrete estrogen + progesterone?

A

-granulosa cells of secondary and vesicular follicles secrete estrogen
-corpus luteum secretes estrogen + progesterone

48
Q

what other organs have endocrine tissues? what hormones do they secrete?

A

-duodenum = secretin + cholecystokinin (CCK)
-kidney = renin + erythropoietin (EPO)
-skin = vitamin D
-heart = atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

49
Q

what are 2 examples of gonadotropins?

A

-luteinizing hormone (LH)
-follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

50
Q

what is the function of luteinizing hormone (LH)?

A

-stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum in the ovary
-stimulates testosterone production by interstitial endocrine (leydig) cells in the testes

51
Q

what is the function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

-stimulates sustentocytes and follicle cells

52
Q

what hormones does the hypothalamus produce/secrete?

A

-growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
-growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) (somatostatin)
-gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Anatomy (29 decks)

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