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Anatomy > Topic 20: Special Senses > Flashcards

Topic 20: Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

what is an eye?

A

-3 layered sphere filled with fluid

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2
Q

what are the structural features of the eye?

A

-fibrous tunic
-vascular tunic
-nervous (sensory) tunic
-lens
-anterior segment
-posterior segment

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3
Q

what are the parts of the fibrous tunic?

A

sclera
-cornea
-conjunctiva

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4
Q

what are the characteristics of the sclera?

A

-white
-avascular CT

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5
Q

what are the characteristics of the cornea?

A

-transparent
-allows light to pass through
-superficial
-avascular CT

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6
Q

what is the purpose of the cornea being avascular?

A

-vessels are not in the way of light

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7
Q

what are the characteristics of the conjunctiva?

A

-covers the anterior sclera
-vascular mucous membrane
-creates bloodshot eyes when the vessels dilate

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8
Q

what are the parts of the vascular tunic?

A

-choroid (posterior)
-ciliary body (anterior)
-iris
-pupil

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9
Q

what is the choroid?

A

-contains melanin so that light does reflect back out of the eye
-highly vascular
-posterior

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10
Q

what is the ciliary body?

A

-ciliary muscle + cilliary processes
-focuses the len

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11
Q

what is the iris?

A

-coloured part of the eye

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12
Q

-what is the pupil?

A

-hole in the iris

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13
Q

what is the nervous (sensory) tunic?

A

-retina of the eye

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14
Q

what are the parts of the nervous (sensory) tunic?

A

-outer pigmented layer
-inner neural layer
-fovea centralis
-optic disc

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15
Q

what is the inner neural layer?

A

-3 layers of neurons
-photoreceptors
-bipolar cells
-ganglion cells (axons from optic nerve)

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16
Q

what are the 2 types of photoreceptors in the inner neural layer?

A

-rods = allow to see black + white
-cones = allow to see colour

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17
Q

what is the fovea centralis?

A

-where light is focused
-area of greatest visual resolution (sharpness)
-no rods, only cones

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18
Q

what is the optic disc?

A

-blind spot where blood vessels + optic nerve exit the eye
-no rods or cones

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19
Q

what are the characteristics of the lens of the eye?

A

-avascular
-transparent

20
Q

what are cataracts?

A

-cloudy areas in the lens

21
Q

what is the anterior segment?

A

-anterior to the lens
-contains aqueous humour
-a fluid similar to plasma

22
Q

what is the posterior segment?

A

-posterior to the lens
-contains vitreous humor
- gel-like substance

23
Q

what are the structural features of the ear?

A

-external ear
-middle ear
-inner ear (labyrinth)
-cochlea
-receptors in the inner ear

24
Q

what is the function of the external ear, middle ear, and inner ear?

A

-conduct sound

25
Q

what are the parts of the external ear?

A

-auricle (pinna)
-external auditory canal (meatus)
-tympanic membrane (eardrum)

26
Q

what is the auricle made of?

A

-elastic cartilage covered with skin
-body of the ear

27
Q

what are the parts of the middle ear?

A

-eustachian tube
-ear ossicles

28
Q

what is the eustachian tube also called?

A

-pharyngotympanic tube

29
Q

what are the 3 ear ossicles? what are ossicles?

A

-malleus
-incus
-stapes
-ossicle is a bone that transmits air vibrations from the outer to inner ear

30
Q

what is the malleus secured to?

A

-the tympanic membrane

31
Q

how does the stapes transmit sound to the inner ear?

A

-via the oval window

32
Q

what are the parts of the inner ear?

A

-bony labyrinth
-membranous labyrinth

33
Q

what is the bony labyrinth?

A

-tunnels in the temporal bone
-tunnels contain perilymph
-contains the semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea

34
Q

what is perilymph?

A

-fluid
-similar to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
-surrounds membranous labyrinth

35
Q

what are the semicircular canals + the vestibule of the bony labyrinth used for?

A

-sound equilibrium

36
Q

what is the cochlea used for?

A

-hearing

37
Q

what is the membranous labyrinth?

A

-surrounded and protected by the bony labyrinth
-contains endolymph
-3 parts, semicircular duct, utricle + saccule, cochlear duct

38
Q

where is the semicircular duct located?

A

-inside the canals

39
Q

where are the utricle + saccule located?

A

-inside the vestibule

40
Q

where is the cochlear duct located?

A

-inside the cochlea

41
Q

what is the cochlea?

A

-coiled canal

42
Q

what are the 3 channels of the cochlea? where are they located? what fluid is present?

A

-scala vestibuli = upper = perilymph
-scala tympani = lower = perilymph
-cochlear duct = middle = endolymph

43
Q

what are the 3 membranes of the cochlea? where are they located or what do they cover?

A

-vestibular membrane = between cochlear duct + scala vestibuli
-basilar membrane = between cochlear duct + scala tympani
-tectorial membrane = covers hair cells (receptor cells)

44
Q

what are the receptors in the inner ear?

A

-hair cells that synapse with neurons
-cilia

45
Q

what do the hair cells do as receptors?

A

-send impulses to the brain via cranial nerve VIII

46
Q

where are the tips of the cilia embedded? what does this allow for?

A

-the tectorial membrane
-allows for stability

Anatomy (29 decks)

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