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Anatomy > Topic 12: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Topic 12: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cardiovascular system contain?

A

-heart
-blood vessels
-blood (connective tissue)

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

-transport gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, and heat throughout the body
-offers protection (immune function) against disease and fluid loss (clotting to prevent bleeding after injury)

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3
Q

where is the heart located?

A

-cavity called the mediastinum (anterior compartment of your chest cavity)
-a space between the lungs within the thoracic cavity (chest cavity)

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4
Q

what is the coverings of the heart called?

A

-pericardium

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5
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

-double-walled sac surrounding the heart
-made of 3 layers (fibrous pericardium + serous pericardium)

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6
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium?

A

-outermost layer of the pericardium
-dense irregular CT

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7
Q

what is the purpose of the fibrous pericardium being composed of dense irregular CT?

A

-gives strength in all directions
-to prevent overstretching

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8
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium’s other main function?

A

-anchors itself to surrounding structures
-ex: diaphragm, larger vessels (aorta, vena cava, etc)

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9
Q

what is the serous pericardium?

A

-forms 2 layers which creates the pericardial cavity in between that contains serous fluid for lubrication
-2 parts are: parietal pericardium + visceral pericardium

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10
Q

what is the parietal pericardium?

A

-made of epithelium and CT
-fuses to the fibrous pericardium to create the pericardial sac

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11
Q

what is the visceral pericardium?

A

-composed of epithelium and CT
-fused to the heart surface (part of the heart wall)
-also called the epicardium

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12
Q

what is the epicardium?

A

-outer layer of the heart wall
-simple squamous and CT

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13
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall and their location?

A

-epicardium (outside)
-myocardium (middle)
-endocardium (inside)

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14
Q

what is the function of the myocardium? how would the pattern of the muscle tissue help?

A

-acts as a pump
-multiple layers going in multiple directions allows for stronger pumping action

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14
Q

what is the myocardium?

A

-middle layer of the heart wall
-made of cardiac muscle (contractile)
-arranged in a spiral/circular pattern
-reinforced with CT

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15
Q

what is the endocardium?

A

-inside layer of the heart wall
-composed of simple squamous epithelium and CT

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16
Q

what is the name of the epithelium in the endocardium and what is its purpose?

A

-endothelium
-lines the inner surface of the heart and ALL blood vessels (in direct contact with blood)

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17
Q

what blood vessels are associated with the right atrium?

A

-inferior vena cava (blood from body below the heart)
-superior vena cava (blood from body above the heart)
-coronary sinus (blood from the myocardium)
-carry deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

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18
Q

what is the location of the coronary sinus? posterior or anterior?

A

-posterior

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19
Q

what are the blood vessels associated with the left atrium?

A

-4 pulmonary veins
-2 coming from the left
-2 coming from the right
-carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium

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20
Q

what are the blood vessels associated with the right ventricle?

A

-pulmonary trunk (artery)
-divides to form the right and left pulmonary arteries
-carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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21
Q

what are the blood vessels associated with the left ventricle?

A

-aorta (artery)
-carries oxygenated blood to the organ systems

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22
Q

what is the distinguishing feature of the left ventricle?

A

-thicker myocardium
-pumping blood further distances at a higher pressure compared to the right ventricle

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23
Q

what divides the chambers of the heart?

A

-septa
-interatrial septum
-interventricular septum

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24
Q

what does the interatrial septum seperate?

A

-the atria

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25
Q

what does the interventricular septum separate? what is it deep to?

A

-the ventricles
-deep to the interventricular sulcus
-shallow groove filled with fat and blood vessels

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26
Q

what is the cardiac (fibrous) skeleton?

A

-fibrous CT that separates the atria and the ventricles
-tissue allows for attachment of cardiac muscle
-forms solid rings around the heart valves (aorta + pulmonary trunk) to keep them in place
-provides electrical insulation (prevents simultaneous contraction of the atria and ventricles)

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27
Q

what are the two types of valves in the heart?

A

-atrioventricular valves
-semilunar valves

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28
Q

what are the two atrioventricular valves?

A

-bicuspid (mitral) valve
-left side (between left atrium and left ventricle)
-2 sheet-like cusps (CT)
-tricuspid valves
-right side (between right atrium and right ventricle)
-3 sheet-like cusps (CT)

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29
Q

what are chordae tendineae?

A

-connective tissue
-attaches atrioventricular valve cusps to the papillary muscles
-prevents eversion of cusps

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30
Q

what are the papillary muscles?

A

-projections of the myocardium
-first to contract

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31
Q

what are the two semilunar valves?

A

-aortic
-separates the left ventricle and the aorta
-pulmonary
-separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

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32
Q

what are the two types of cardiac muscle cells?

A

-contractile cells
-conduction system cells

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33
Q

what is the purpose of the contractile cardiac muscle cells?

A

-form a majority of the myocardium (contractions)

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34
Q

what is the purpose of the specialized cardiac muscle cells? how do they complete this function?

A

-form the rest of the myocardium
-modified cardiac muscle cells that produce and conduct electrical impulses (DO NOT CONTRACT)
-have many gap junctions to help electrical signals spread quickly

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35
Q

what similarities do cardiac muscle cells have with skeletal muscle cells?

A

-striated (myofibrils with sarcomeres)
-has sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubules (no triads, have a different arrangement)

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36
Q

what differences do cardiac muscle cells have with skeletal muscle cells?

A

-they are branched (irregular, not parallel)
-uninucleated
-have intercalated discs (region where 2 fibres meet (anchoring junction = lots of proteins)
-contain anchoring and gap junctions

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37
Q

from which pressures does blood like to move?

A

-high to low
-higher pressure in the atria to the lower pressure ventricles

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38
Q

what junctions do intercalated discs contain?

A

-anchoring junctions (so they don’t fall apart)
-gap junctions (allows them to work as a unit)

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39
Q

how are valves able to open and close?

A

-in response to pressure changes
-in response to electrical signals

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40
Q

what are the parts of the conduction system?

A

-sinoatrial (SA) node
-atrioventricular (AV) node
-atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
-atrioventricular (AV) bundle branches
-purkinje fibers

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41
Q

what is the sinoatrial (SA) node and where is it located?

A

-generates the fastest impulse
-sets the pace of the entire system
-located in the right atrium at the base of the superior vena cava
-signals to the contractile myocardium

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42
Q

where is the atrioventricular (AV) node located?

A

-base of the right atrium
-inferior to the sinoatrial (SA) node

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43
Q

what is the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his) and where is it located?

A

-superior part of the interventricular septum
-acts as the electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles

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44
Q

where do the atrioventricular (AV) bundle branches go?

A

-carry the impulse to the apex of the heart

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45
Q

what are purkinje fibers?

A

-terminal fibers in the ventricles only
-carry signals from the apex upward to all parts of the ventricles (push the blood towards the semilunar valves)

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46
Q

what do the electrical signals of the conduction system spread to?

A

-the contractile cardiac muscle cells of the myocardium

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47
Q

how would the circulation of blood in the heart be described?

A

-a closed system (blood is confined to the heart and blood vessels)
-a double circulation with 2 routes (systemic +pulmonary)

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48
Q

what is the path of pulmonary circulation?

A

-from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries (deoxy blood)
-oxygen is picked up in the lungs via capillaries
-moves from the lungs to the left atria via pulmonary veins (oxy blood)

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49
Q

what is the path of systemic circulation?

A

-from the left ventricle to organs via the aorta (oxygenated
-organs take up oxygen via capillaries
-from the organs to the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava (deoxygenated)

50
Q

what are some examples of the subroutes of systemic circulation?

A

-cerebral (brain)
-hepatic (liver)
-coronary (heart)
-bronchial (respiratory system parts)

51
Q

what is the path of coronary circulation for oxygenated blood?

A

-from the left ventricle to the aorta
-branches off to the right and left coronary arteries
-right coronary artery
branches off to the….
-posterior
interventricular artery
and the marginal
artery
-left coronary artery
branches off to the….
-anterior
interventricular
artery and the
circumflex artery
-from the arteries moves to the
arterioles and then the capillaries in the myocardium

52
Q

what is the path of coronary circulation for deoxygenated blood?

A

-from the capillaries in the myocardium to the venules
-from the venules to the cardiac veins
-from the cardiac veins to a blood vessel called the coronary sinus
-finally goes from the coronary sinus to the right atrium

53
Q

what is the basis of fetal circulation?

A

-fetus gets its O2 and nutrients from the mother
-fetus expels wastes to the mother’s blood
-exchange site in the placenta (lungs are not functional)

54
Q

do the fetus’s blood and mother’s blood supplies mix?

A

-fetus’s blood and mother’s blood do not mix, but their supplies are close together

55
Q

what are the differences between fetal and adult circulation?

A

-fetal circulation contains the umbilical vein
-fetal circulation contains 3 shunts (hole/small passage)
-lungs and liver are non functional in fetal circulation (mothers organs handle their functions)
-only a small amount of blood flow is needed for nourishment and growth

56
Q

what is the purpose of the umbilical vein?

A

-carries blood towards the fetal heart
-brings oxygenated blood from the placenta to the vena cava

57
Q

what are the three shunts in fetal circulation?

A

-ductus venosus
-ductus arteriosus
-foramen ovale

58
Q

what is the purpose of the ductus venosus?

A

-connects the umbilical vein (oxy blood) to the inferior vena cava (deoxy blood)
-allows most of the oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver
-blood mixes within the inferior vena cava and enters the right atrium

59
Q

where is mixed blood located in fetal circulation?

A

-right atrium
-right ventricle
-left atrium
-left ventricle
-pulmonary arteries
-aorta
-umbilical arteries
-foramen ovale
-ductus arteriosus

60
Q

what is the foramen ovale? what is its purpose?

A

-hole in the interatrial septum
-allows blood to move from the right to left atrium
-does so to bypass the lungs (not breathing so no gas exchange is occuring)

61
Q

what is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus?

A

-connects the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
-does so to bypass the lungs (not breathing so no gas exchange is occuring)

62
Q

where does mixed blood eventually turn into oxygenated blood?

A

-placenta

63
Q

where is deoxygenated blood located in fetal circulation?

A

-superior vena cava
-inferior vena cava (for a short time
-pulmonary veins

64
Q

where is oxygenated blood located in fetal circulation?

A

-umbilical vein

65
Q

what is the purpose of the umbilical arteries?

A

-carries blood away from the fetal heart
-returns mixed blood to the placenta

66
Q

why would we want blood to bypass the lungs and other organs (liver) in fetal circulation?

A

-these organs in the fetus are non-functional
-they do not need the same amount of blood as a functioning organ would
-only need some blood flow to promote growth and nourishment

67
Q

what are the 3 general layers of blood vessels? what is the center called?

A

-tunica externa
-tunica media
-tunica intima/interna
-center is called the lumen (NOT A LAYER)

68
Q

what is the tunica externa?

A

-outside layer of blood vessels
-composed of CT
-for protection and reinforcement
-ability to anchor to its surroundings

69
Q

what is the tunica media?

A

-middle layer of blood vessels
-composed of smooth muscle
-can constrict to make the lumen smaller
-controls how much blood is flowing to different areas
-composed of elastic fibers (CT)
-allows for flexibility

70
Q

why would you want to control how much blood is flowing to different parts of the body?

A

-depending on your activities you will only need a certain amount of blood flow
-ex: running vs sitting watching tv
-depends on your bodies personal needs

71
Q

what is the tunica intima/interna?

A

-inner layer of blood vessels
-in direct contact with blood
-composed of simple squamous epithelium
-layer is named the endothelium
-continuous with the endocardium

72
Q

what is contained in the lumen of blood vessels?

A

-blood

73
Q

what type of blood vessel does the general structure not apply to?

A

-capillaries

74
Q

what are the 5 types of blood vessels?

A

-arteries
-arterioles
-capilleries
-venules
-veins

75
Q

what are arteries?

A

-blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
-high pressure

76
Q

what are the two types of arteries?

A

-elastic arteries
-muscular arteries

77
Q

what are elastic arteries?

A

-composed of elastic CT in all 3 layers
-largest arteries (nearest to the heart)
-ex: aorta

78
Q

what are muscular arteries?

A

-composed of LOTS of smooth muscle
-smaller distributing arteries (branched)
-make up most arteries
-ex: coronary artery

79
Q

what are arterioles?

A

-smaller arteries
-help regulate blood flow and pressure

80
Q

what are capillaries?

A

-smallest blood vessel
-allow for the exchange of gases + nutrients
-contain gaps that allow limited fluid + solutes to leak (exchange with the interstitial fluid) (LIMITED)

81
Q

what makes capillaries different from the general structure?

A

-only contain an endothelium layer with a basement membrane (tunica intima)

82
Q

what is the composition of venules? what is their purpose?

A

-contain a tunica intima with thin tunica media and thin tunica externa layers
-to collect blood from the capillaries

83
Q

what are veins?

A

-bring blood back to the heart
-contain valves that prevent backflow of blood
-contain a large lumen
-thin tunica media layer (less smooth muscle)
-more connective tissue (greater stretching capacity)

84
Q

how does the veins having less smooth muscle affect them?

A

-can cause them to collapse

85
Q

what are the main characteristics of blood?

A

-connective tissue
-higher viscosity than water
-pH of 7.35-7.45
-4-6 liters of blood in an adult

86
Q

why is blood more viscous than water?

A

-blood contains cells

87
Q

what is blood composed of?

A

-plasma (matrix) (fluid portion with solutes) (majority)
-formed elements (cellular portion)

88
Q

what is plasma?

A

-matrix of blood
-blood minus the formed elements
-composed of 90% water
-composed of 8% proteins
-composed of 2% other solutes

89
Q

what is the most abundant plasma protein?

A

-albumin

90
Q

what are the formed elements in the blood?

A

-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets

91
Q

what are red blood cells?

A

-also called erythrocytes
-most abundant cell type in the body
-biconcave disc shape
-anucleate (no nucleus or other organelles) once mature
-bind to and transport most of the oxygen in the blood

92
Q

what is the significance of the shape of red blood cells?

A

-concave in the center to increase surface area

93
Q

what is the hematocrit

A

-the percentage of red blood cells in blood volume
-around 45%

94
Q

how long do red blood cells live? where are they destroyed?

A

-120 days (short lived)
-destroyed in the liver + spleen (recycled)

95
Q

what are the components of red blood cells?

A

-hemoglobin (iron pigment protein)
-four globin chains (protein)
-four iron containing heme groups (red pigment)
-1 iron per heme
-site of reversible oxygen binding

96
Q

what is the function of heme?

A

-attaches and transports O2

97
Q

what is the function of globin?

A

-attaches and transports CO2

98
Q

what are white blood cells?

A

-also called leukocytes
-varied life span (days-years)
-defend against disease

99
Q

what are the two types of white blood cells?

A

-granulocytes (visible protein granules)
-agranulocytes (lack visible protein granules)

100
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

-neutrophils (60%)
-eosinophils (3%)
-basophils (1%)

101
Q

what is the function of neutrophils?

A

-phagocytic (engulf + digest invaders)
-kill bacteria

102
Q

what is the function of eosinophils?

A

-attack blood parasites

103
Q

what is the function of basophils?

A

-release histamine to increase inflammation
-release heparin to decrease local clotting during immune responses

104
Q

what is the point of releasing heparin to decrease local clotting?

A

-allows for more white blood cells to get to the site of injury
-clotting would block the site

105
Q

what are agranulocytes? what types are there?

A

-lymphocytes (35%)
-monocytes (5%)

106
Q

what are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

-t lymphocytes
-b lymphocytes

107
Q

what is the function of t lymphocytes?

A

-kill infected and diseased cells directly
-activate an immune response
-kill a tumor or virus

108
Q

what is the function of b lymphocytes?

A

-become plasma cells
-release antibodies to circulate within plasma
-mark foreign substances for destruction

109
Q

what are platelets?

A

-fragments of cells called megakaryocytes
-involved in clotting
-life span of 10 days if they are not used for clotting
-do not have a lot of organelles

110
Q

what is hemopoiesis/ hematopoiesis?

A

-the formation of blood cells
-all blood cells come indirectly from hemocytoblast (stem cells) cells in red bone marrow

111
Q

what are stem cells?

A

-cells that can form many different types of cells

112
Q

where is red bone marrow found in the adult body?

A

-axial skeleton
-pelvic + pectoral girdles
-proximal ends of humerus and femur

113
Q

how does the coronary sinus reach the right atrium?

A

-through a hole in the right atrium

114
Q

what happens to the shunts within the fetal circulation?

A

-close following birth

115
Q

what are the main proteins found within plasma?

A

-albumins
-fibrinogen
-globulin
-protein based hormones and enzymes

116
Q

what are albumins for?

A

-carry substances like hormones, enzymes, and medicines throughout the body
-helps control tissue water balance

117
Q

what is fibrinogen for?

A

-clot formation

118
Q

what is globulin for?

A

-defence
-antibodies
-detect and bind foreign invaders (bacteria + viruses)

119
Q

what other solutes are found in blood?

A

-nutrients
-vitamins
-wastes
-electrolytes
-oxygen + carbon dioxide

120
Q

what is the function of lymphocytes? where are they typically found?

A

-immunity
-resist disease
-within lymphatic tissues

121
Q

what is the function of monocytes?

A

-enter tissue and enlarge to become macrophages (big eater) (phagocytic)

122
Q

what is an atrial septal defect?

A

-a hole in the interatrial septum
-commonly occurs due to incomplete closure of the foramen ovale

123
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

-build up of fat deposits in the tunica intima
-leads to a narrowing/blockage of arteries

Anatomy (29 decks)

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