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Anatomy > Topic 7: histology (tissues) > Flashcards

Topic 7: histology (tissues) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tissue?

A

-a group of cells with similar structure and function

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2
Q

what are the 4 major tissue types?

A

-epithelial tissue
-connective tissue
-muscle tissue
-nervous tissue

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3
Q

what is a cell junction?

A

-points of contact between adjacent cells
-seen in epithelial tissue, some nervous and muscle cells
-not in CT because cells are too far apart

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4
Q

how are cell junctions formed?

A

-by cell membrane proteins

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5
Q

what are the 3 examples of cell junctions?

A

-tight junctions
-anchoring junctions
-gap junctions

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6
Q

what are tight junctions?

A
  • a partial fusion of specific proteins (on the lateral surface, furtherest away from center)
    -forms a tight ring-like seal
    -prevents materials from passing between cells
    -bacteria,
    proteins, sometimes
    fluid or ions (depends on
    tissue)
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7
Q

what are anchoring junctions?

A

-proteins that fasten cells to each other and/or the extracellular material
-rivets
-ex: desmosomes

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8
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

-open channels through the adjacent cell membranes that interconnect the cytosol of the cells
-allows ions/small molecules to pass (from one cell to another)
-tissues work as a unit
-found in epithelial and cardiac and smooth muscle tissue

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9
Q

why is it important for tissues to work as a unit in smooth and cardiac muscle?

A

-allows synchronization of contractions

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10
Q

what gives connective tissue its subtypes and characteristics?

A

-extracellular material
-whats surrounding the cell

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10
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A

-lining tissue
-first line of defence
-on the outside of the body (surface)
-lines many organ cavities (ex: stomach)
-found in secretion areas and glands

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10
Q

what is connective tissue?

A

-supports and connects tissues
-cells are far apart, get separated by the extracellular matrix
-has variable vascularity (has either lots of blood vessels or very few)

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11
Q

connective tissue cell types

A

-BLAST
-creates matrix
-ex: osteoblast,
chrondroblast,
fibroblast
-CYTE
-maintains the matrix
-ex: osteocyte,
chrondrocyte,
fibrocyte
-CLAST
-breaks down the
matrix
-ex: osteoclast (breaks
because there isn’t
Ca2+

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11
Q

what is muscle tissue?

A

-contractile tissue

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11
Q

what is nervous tissue?

A

-signalling tissue

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12
Q

what is an organ cavity? what is it filled with?

A

-lumen
-filled with fluid typically

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of epithelia?

A

-has one free surface (not connected to anything)
-little extracellular space between cells
-avascular (NO BLOOD VESSELS) because connective tissue takes care of that
-basement membrane

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14
Q

what is a basement membrane?

A

-extracellular layer
-attaches epithelium to the underlying connective tissue layer
-like velcro

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15
Q

what happens when the basement membrane breaks?

A

-BLISTERS

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16
Q

how are epithelial tissues classified?

A

-named according to the # of layers
-the shape of the cells in the layer that touches the free surface

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17
Q

classification of layers of cells (epithelial)

A

-number of cell layers sitting on the basement membrane
-one layer is simple
-more than one is stratified

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18
Q

classification of the shape of cells (epithelial)

A

-flattened (sqaumous)
-round or cube (cuboidal)
-rectangular (columnar)

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19
Q

simple epithelia

A

-allows the exchange of molecules (gasses, nutrients, etc)
-absorption and secretion

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20
Q

what are the subtypes of simple epithelia?

A

-simple squamous
-ex: lungs
-simple cuboidal
-ex: kidneys
-simple columnar
-ex: stomach and small
intestine

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21
Q

what are the subtypes of stratified epithelia?

A

-stratified squamous (common)
-ex:skin
-stratified cuboidal (rare)
-stratified columnar (rare)

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22
Q

stratified epithelia

A

-protective purposes
-in areas of abrasion

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23
Q

what is the apical layer?

A

-layer of cells touching the free surface

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24
Q

pseudostratified epithelia

A

-FAKE
-columnar cells
-appears stratified but is actually simple
-appears this way because nuclei dont line up (random)
-some cells are taller or shorter
-all cells still sit on the basement membrane
-ex: lines most of the respiratory tract (ciliated)

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25
Q

transitional epithelia

A

-cell shape and layering varies with stretching of the tissue
-only in inner lining of
the urinary system
-cuboidal > squamous when stretched

26
Q

what happens when epithelial cells form a gland?

A

-the cell shape and layer classification is not applied

27
Q

glandular epithelium

A

-used for secretion
-all glands are epithelium

28
Q

what are the subtypes of glandular epithelium?

A

-exocrine glands
-endocrine glands

29
Q

exocrine glands function

A

-secrete products onto body surface or into a body cavity
-can be uni or multi cellular

30
Q

unicellular exocrine glands

A

-secrete mucus (into a cavity)
-in the digestive, urinary, reproductive, and respiratory tracts
-ex: goblet cells

31
Q

multicellular exocrine glands

A

-consists of secretory and duct cells
-ducts connect secretions to a surface or cavity
-ex: glands such as sweat, oil, mammary, or digestive

32
Q

endocrine glands

A

-dont have ducts
-secretes hormones to the interstitial fluid and then it enters the blood plasma to be transported to target cells/tissues
-ex: thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone

33
Q

what are the functions of epithelia?

A

-protection
-often stratified
squamous
-ex: epidermis
-secretion
-glandular epithelium
-ex: thyroid or sweat
glands
-control of permeability across membranes
-simple epithelia
typically
-exchange of
materials
-ex:kidney, intestine,
capillaries

34
Q

what is the extracellular matrix composed of?

A

-fibres (proteins)
-ground substance

35
Q

what are the proteins that make up the matrix?

A

-collagen fibres (for strength)
-elastic fibres (for stretch and recoil)
-reticular fibres (form networks)
-ex: CT part of
basement membrane

36
Q

what is ground substance?

A

-unstructured material surrounding the cell and fibres
-composed of water (interstitial fluid) and large organic molecules (proteins + carbohydrates)

37
Q

what are the classifications of connective tissue?

A

-CT proper
-cartilage
-bone
-blood

38
Q

types of CT proper?

A

-loose CT
-dense CT

39
Q

loose CT types

A

-areolar CT
-loosely arranged
collagen and elastin
fibres surrounded by
ground substance
-fibroblasts/fibrocytes for cells
-highly vascular (below epithelia)
-ex: lamina propria
-adipose CT
-very little matrix
-large cells
(adipocytes) store
triglycerides
-tissue looks like
chicken wire
-highly vascular
-lots of energy stored, want to constantly be able
to add or take away

40
Q

dense CT characteristics

A

-has many fibres (also known as fibrous CT)
-has little ground substance
-poorly vascular

41
Q

why is dense CT poorly vascular?

A

-because they are so dense that there is not enough room for many blood vessels

42
Q

types of dense CT

A

-dense regular
-collagen fibres
running in the same
direction (stretch well in that 1 direction)
-ex: tendons + aponeuroses
ligaments
-dense irregular
-collagen fibres are
arranged irregularly (in
multiple ways)
-ex: dermis of the skin

43
Q

what is the purpose of cartilage? why is it smooth?

A

-to reduce friction between bones

44
Q

what cells are in cartilage?

A

-chrondocytes
-located in the lacunae
(cavities in the matrix)
-chrondoblasts

45
Q

what is in the matrix of cartilage?

A

-fibres of collagen and elastin (proteins)
-ground substance
-mostly water, firm due to organic molecules
present
-large amounts of matrix

46
Q

is cartilage avascular or vasucular?

A

-avascular
-heals slowly (less blood flow)

47
Q

what are examples of cartilage?

A

-hyaline cartilage (most abundant)
-trachea
-ribs
-ends of long bones
-elastic cartilage (many elastic fibres)
-epiglottis
-ear pinna
-fibrocartilage (high in collagen fibres, shock absorber)
-intervertebral discs
-pubic symphysis

48
Q

what cells are in bone?

A

-osteocytes (lacunae)
-osteoblasts
-osteoclasts

49
Q

what is the bones matrix composed of?

A

-fibres (collagen abundant)
-ground substance
-inorganic calcium, phosphate salts, organic
components (proteins + carbohydrates) to make it
rigid, little water

50
Q

is bone vascular or avascular?

A

-very vascular

51
Q

what cells are in the blood?

A

-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets

52
Q

what is in the matrix of blood?

A

-called plasma
-soluble fibres (fibrinogen)
-ground substance is mostly water with ions and proteins

53
Q

what is a main characteristic of muscle tissue?

A

-contractile

54
Q

what are the subtypes of muscle tissue? which are striated?

A

-skeletal (striated)
-cardiac (striated)
smooth (non-striated)

55
Q

what is the difference between striated and non-striated)

A

-striated
-long, branched,
cylindrical
-voluntary muscles
(ex:arms and legs)
-non-striated
-spindle shaped
-involuntary muscles
(ex:bladder, eyes, skin)

56
Q

what cell types are in nervous tissue?

A

-neurons
-glial cells

57
Q

what do neurons do?

A

-conduct electrical pulses
-send signals

58
Q

what do glial cells do?

A

-support and protect neurons

59
Q

what surrounds the cells within tissues?

A

-interstitial fluid (water + ions)

60
Q

how do tight junctions aid in integral membrane proteins?

A

-prevent integral proteins from moving between the apical surface (top/exposed) and the basolateral surface (bottom/attached) of the cell

61
Q

what do the prefixes for the CT cell types mean?

A

-osteo = bone
-chondro = cartilage
-fibro = fibre

62
Q

what do tendons + aponeuroses connect?

A

-muscle to bone

63
Q

what do ligaments connect?

A

-bone to bone

64
Q

why is it hard to heal ligaments, aponeuroses, and tendons?

A

-because of low vascularity in the tissue (little transport to these areas)

65
Q

what happens to the collagen in our bones over time?

A

-lost over time (decrease in flexibility)

66
Q

what is the most atypical type of connective tissue? what form of this tissue makes it more typical?

A

-blood (because it is fluid)
-clotted blood is considered more typical

67
Q

what aids in blood clotting?

A

-fibrinogen

Anatomy (29 decks)

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