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Anatomy > Topic 7: histology (tissues) > Flashcards

Topic 7: histology (tissues) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tissue?

A

-a group of cells with similar structure and function

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2
Q

what are the 4 major tissue types?

A

-epithelial tissue
-connective tissue
-muscle tissue
-nervous tissue

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3
Q

what is a cell junction?

A

-points of contact between adjacent cells
-seen in epithelial tissue, some nervous and muscle cells
-not in CT because cells are too far apart

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4
Q

how are cell junctions formed?

A

-by cell membrane proteins

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5
Q

what are the 3 examples of cell junctions?

A

-tight junctions
-anchoring junctions
-gap junctions

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6
Q

what are tight junctions?

A
  • a partial fusion of specific proteins (on the lateral surface, furtherest away from center)
    -forms a tight ring-like seal
    -prevents materials from passing between cells
    -bacteria,
    proteins, sometimes
    fluid or ions (depends on
    tissue)
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7
Q

what are anchoring junctions?

A

-proteins that fasten cells to each other and/or the extracellular material
-rivets
-ex: desmosomes

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8
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

-open channels through the adjacent cell membranes that interconnect the cytosol of the cells
-allows ions/small molecules to pass (from one cell to another)
-tissues work as a unit
-found in epithelial and cardiac and smooth muscle tissue

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9
Q

why is it important for tissues to work as a unit in smooth and cardiac muscle?

A

-allows synchronization of contractions

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10
Q

what gives connective tissue its subtypes and characteristics?

A

-extracellular material
-whats surrounding the cell

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10
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A

-lining tissue
-first line of defence
-on the outside of the body (surface)
-lines many organ cavities (ex: stomach)
-found in secretion areas and glands

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10
Q

what is connective tissue?

A

-supports and connects tissues
-cells are far apart, get separated by the extracellular matrix
-has variable vascularity (has either lots of blood vessels or very few)

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11
Q

connective tissue cell types

A

-BLAST
-creates matrix
-ex: osteoblast,
chrondroblast,
fibroblast
-CYTE
-maintains the matrix
-ex: osteocyte,
chrondrocyte,
fibrocyte
-CLAST
-breaks down the
matrix
-ex: osteoclast (breaks
because there isn’t
Ca2+

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11
Q

what is muscle tissue?

A

-contractile tissue

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11
Q

what is nervous tissue?

A

-signalling tissue

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12
Q

what is an organ cavity? what is it filled with?

A

-lumen
-filled with fluid typically

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of epithelia?

A

-has one free surface (not connected to anything)
-little extracellular space between cells
-avascular (NO BLOOD VESSELS) because connective tissue takes care of that
-basement membrane

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14
Q

what is a basement membrane?

A

-extracellular layer
-attaches epithelium to the underlying connective tissue layer
-like velcro

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15
Q

what happens when the basement membrane breaks?

A

-BLISTERS

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16
Q

how are epithelial tissues classified?

A

-named according to the # of layers
-the shape of the cells in the layer that touches the free surface

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17
Q

classification of layers of cells (epithelial)

A

-number of cell layers sitting on the basement membrane
-one layer is simple
-more than one is stratified

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18
Q

classification of the shape of cells (epithelial)

A

-flattened (sqaumous)
-round or cube (cuboidal)
-rectangular (columnar)

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19
Q

simple epithelia

A

-allows the exchange of molecules (gasses, nutrients, etc)
-absorption and secretion

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20
Q

what are the subtypes of simple epithelia?

A

-simple squamous
-ex: lungs
-simple cuboidal
-ex: kidneys
-simple columnar
-ex: stomach and small
intestine

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21
what are the subtypes of stratified epithelia?
-stratified squamous (common) -ex:skin -stratified cuboidal (rare) -stratified columnar (rare)
22
stratified epithelia
-protective purposes -in areas of abrasion
23
what is the apical layer?
-layer of cells touching the free surface
24
pseudostratified epithelia
-FAKE -columnar cells -appears stratified but is actually simple -appears this way because nuclei dont line up (random) -some cells are taller or shorter -all cells still sit on the basement membrane -ex: lines most of the respiratory tract (ciliated)
25
transitional epithelia
-cell shape and layering varies with stretching of the tissue -only in inner lining of the urinary system -cuboidal > squamous when stretched
26
what happens when epithelial cells form a gland?
-the cell shape and layer classification is not applied
27
glandular epithelium
-used for secretion -all glands are epithelium
28
what are the subtypes of glandular epithelium?
-exocrine glands -endocrine glands
29
exocrine glands function
-secrete products onto body surface or into a body cavity -can be uni or multi cellular
30
unicellular exocrine glands
-secrete mucus (into a cavity) -in the digestive, urinary, reproductive, and respiratory tracts -ex: goblet cells
31
multicellular exocrine glands
-consists of secretory and duct cells -ducts connect secretions to a surface or cavity -ex: glands such as sweat, oil, mammary, or digestive
32
endocrine glands
-dont have ducts -secretes hormones to the interstitial fluid and then it enters the blood plasma to be transported to target cells/tissues -ex: thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone
33
what are the functions of epithelia?
-protection -often stratified squamous -ex: epidermis -secretion -glandular epithelium -ex: thyroid or sweat glands -control of permeability across membranes -simple epithelia typically -exchange of materials -ex:kidney, intestine, capillaries
34
what is the extracellular matrix composed of?
-fibres (proteins) -ground substance
35
what are the proteins that make up the matrix?
-collagen fibres (for strength) -elastic fibres (for stretch and recoil) -reticular fibres (form networks) -ex: CT part of basement membrane
36
what is ground substance?
-unstructured material surrounding the cell and fibres -composed of water (interstitial fluid) and large organic molecules (proteins + carbohydrates)
37
what are the classifications of connective tissue?
-CT proper -cartilage -bone -blood
38
types of CT proper?
-loose CT -dense CT
39
loose CT types
-areolar CT -loosely arranged collagen and elastin fibres surrounded by ground substance -fibroblasts/fibrocytes for cells -highly vascular (below epithelia) -ex: lamina propria -adipose CT -very little matrix -large cells (adipocytes) store triglycerides -tissue looks like chicken wire -highly vascular -lots of energy stored, want to constantly be able to add or take away
40
dense CT characteristics
-has many fibres (also known as fibrous CT) -has little ground substance -poorly vascular
41
why is dense CT poorly vascular?
-because they are so dense that there is not enough room for many blood vessels
42
types of dense CT
-dense regular -collagen fibres running in the same direction (stretch well in that 1 direction) -ex: tendons + aponeuroses ligaments -dense irregular -collagen fibres are arranged irregularly (in multiple ways) -ex: dermis of the skin
43
what is the purpose of cartilage? why is it smooth?
-to reduce friction between bones
44
what cells are in cartilage?
-chrondocytes -located in the lacunae (cavities in the matrix) -chrondoblasts
45
what is in the matrix of cartilage?
-fibres of collagen and elastin (proteins) -ground substance -mostly water, firm due to organic molecules present -large amounts of matrix
46
is cartilage avascular or vasucular?
-avascular -heals slowly (less blood flow)
47
what are examples of cartilage?
-hyaline cartilage (most abundant) -trachea -ribs -ends of long bones -elastic cartilage (many elastic fibres) -epiglottis -ear pinna -fibrocartilage (high in collagen fibres, shock absorber) -intervertebral discs -pubic symphysis
48
what cells are in bone?
-osteocytes (lacunae) -osteoblasts -osteoclasts
49
what is the bones matrix composed of?
-fibres (collagen abundant) -ground substance -inorganic calcium, phosphate salts, organic components (proteins + carbohydrates) to make it rigid, little water
50
is bone vascular or avascular?
-very vascular
51
what cells are in the blood?
-red blood cells -white blood cells -platelets
52
what is in the matrix of blood?
-called plasma -soluble fibres (fibrinogen) -ground substance is mostly water with ions and proteins
53
what is a main characteristic of muscle tissue?
-contractile
54
what are the subtypes of muscle tissue? which are striated?
-skeletal (striated) -cardiac (striated) smooth (non-striated)
55
what is the difference between striated and non-striated)
-striated -long, branched, cylindrical -voluntary muscles (ex:arms and legs) -non-striated -spindle shaped -involuntary muscles (ex:bladder, eyes, skin)
56
what cell types are in nervous tissue?
-neurons -glial cells
57
what do neurons do?
-conduct electrical pulses -send signals
58
what do glial cells do?
-support and protect neurons
59
what surrounds the cells within tissues?
-interstitial fluid (water + ions)
60
how do tight junctions aid in integral membrane proteins?
-prevent integral proteins from moving between the apical surface (top/exposed) and the basolateral surface (bottom/attached) of the cell
61
what do the prefixes for the CT cell types mean?
-osteo = bone -chondro = cartilage -fibro = fibre
62
what do tendons + aponeuroses connect?
-muscle to bone
63
what do ligaments connect?
-bone to bone
64
why is it hard to heal ligaments, aponeuroses, and tendons?
-because of low vascularity in the tissue (little transport to these areas)
65
what happens to the collagen in our bones over time?
-lost over time (decrease in flexibility)
66
what is the most atypical type of connective tissue? what form of this tissue makes it more typical?
-blood (because it is fluid) -clotted blood is considered more typical
67
what aids in blood clotting?
-fibrinogen

Anatomy (29 decks)

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