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Anatomy > Topic 3: cellular level of organization > Flashcards

Topic 3: cellular level of organization Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell?

A

-basic structural and functional unit of the body
-can perform all basic life functions

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2
Q

what are the names of the outermost part of the cell?

A

-cell membrane
-plasma mebrane
-plasmalemma

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3
Q

what is the cell membrane composed of?

A

-phospholipid bilayer
-cholesterol
-membrane proteins
-membrane carbohydrates
-microvilli

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4
Q

what does the phospholipid bilayer divide?

A

-the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid

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5
Q

what is intracellular fluid?

A

-fluid inside the cell

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6
Q

what is extracellular fluid

A

-fluid outside the cell

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7
Q

what are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

-integral proteins
-peripheral proteins

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8
Q

what are integral proteins?

A

-integrated within the membrane
-they have a hydrophobic region
-those that extend across the entire membrane are called transmembrane proteins

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9
Q

what are peripheral proteins?

A

-attached to the surface of the membrane
-also can be attached to the surface of an integral protein

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10
Q

what are the functions of membrane proteins?

A

-enzymes
-transporters
-channels
-receptors
-anchors
-identity markers (for the immune system)

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11
Q

what are membrane carbohydrates?

A

-only on the outer surface
-bound to other proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids)
-used for cell recognition (sperm recognizing an egg)
-anchor cells together

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12
Q

what is cholesterols purpose in the membrane?

A

-they are scattered throughout the membrane
-add stability

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13
Q

what is the phospholipid bilayer composed of?

A

-phosphate head group (hydrophilic)
-fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)
-double layered
-heads on the outer side, tails on the inner

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14
Q

what are microvilli?

A

-small projections of the cell membrane
-used to increase surface area
they are best seem on small intestine cells and kidney cells

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15
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model?

A

-shows the phospholipid bilayer
-shows membrane proteins
-fluid - components can move
-mosaic - proteins dot the surface

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16
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A
  • an AREA (not a fluid)
    -area between the inside of the cell membrane and the outside of the nucleus
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17
Q

what are the two divisions of the cytoplasm?

A

-cytosol
-organelles

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18
Q

what is cytosol?

A

-a gel-like fluid
-contains water, ions (K+, Na+), suspensions of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
-can have inclusions (melanin or glycogen)

19
Q

what are organelles?

A

-structures that perform specific functions
-essential for life
-can be non-membranous (direct contact with cytosol)
-can be membranous (isolated from cytosol)

20
Q

what are non-membranous organelles?

A

-ribosomes
-centrosome
-cytoskeleton

21
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

-sites for protein synthesis
-contain rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and proteins
-can be free in cytosol
-can be attached to endoplasmic reticulum

22
Q

where are proteins destined depending on the location of ribosomes?

A

-free (destined for cytosol, mitochondria, or nucleus)
-ER (destined for all other sites)

23
Q

what are the two components of centrosomes?

A

-a pair of centrioles
-the pericentriolar matrix

24
Q

what are the functions of centrosomes

A

-organizing centers for microtubules
-spindle apparatus for cell division
-organizes the cytoskeleton

25
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

-3 types of cytoskelton
-they all support cell shape
-formed from proteins
-important in cell movement, cell division, movement/anchoring of organelles + proteins (receptors + enzymes)

26
Q

what are the 3 types of cytoskeleton?

A

-microfilaments
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules

27
Q

what are microfilaments made of? what are their functions?

A

-made of actin
-muscle contraction (done with help of myosin)
-cell locomotion
-maintenance of cell shape and projections (microvilli)
-cytokinesis

28
Q

what are intermediate filaments made of? what is their function?

A

-composition is tissue specific (ex: keratin)
-supports the cytoplasm
-structural support for cell attachment and tissue development (scaffolding for the cell)

29
Q

what are microtubules made of? what is their function?

A

-hollow tubes made of tubulin
-form centrioles, spindle apparatus, cilia, and flagella
-structural
-move or secure organelles in place

30
Q

what are membranous organelles?

A

-mitochondria
-endoplasmic reticulum
-golgi apparatus/complex
-lysosomes
-nucleus

31
Q

what is the mitochondria?

A

-site of ATP synthesis
-contains its own DNA, RNA, and proteins
-has a double membrane

32
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

-membranous network throughout the cytoplasm
-two types
-rough ER
-smooth ER

33
Q

what is the rough ER?

A

-has ribosomes attached
-site of the synthesis of secretory, lysosomal, and membrane proteins

34
Q

what is the smooth ER?

A

-lacks attached ribosomes
-continuous with the rough ER
-synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones

35
Q

what is the golgi complex?

A

-stacks of mebrane discs
-modifies proteins (trims or adds carbs and lipids
-sorts, packages, and delivers proteins
-delivers to the cell membrane, lysosomes, or for secretion

36
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

-filled with digestive enzymes
-digest bacteria, viruses, worn out organelles

37
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

-the largest membranous organelle
-cell control center
-cells can have more than one

38
Q

what are the different parts of the nucleus?

A

-nuclear envelope
-nucleolus
-chromosomes/chromatids

39
Q

what is the nuclear envelope?

A

-a double membrane with nuclear pores
-cytoplasm connection
-connected to ER

40
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

-non-membranous
-dense region of DNA, RNA, + proteins (less light)
-where ribosomes are made and assembled

41
Q

what are chromosomes?chromatids?

A

-contains DNA + histone proteins
-can either be dispersed (chromatin)
-can be condensed + individually visible

42
Q

what is chromatin?

A

-uncoiled DNA
-not individually visible
-in this form most of the time (when the cell is not dividing)

43
Q

where are condensed chromosomes found?

A

-in dividing cells

44
Q

what is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid

A

-chromatid is one half of a chromosome
-chromosome is two pieces joined, chromatid is one of those pieces

Anatomy (29 decks)

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