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Anatomy > Topic 11: Muscular System > Flashcards

Topic 11: Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the basics of the muscular system?

A

-refers to skeletal muscle
-primarily attached to bone
-produce movement by contracting (shortening)

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2
Q

how do muscles work together?

A

-work in opposition to one another

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3
Q

what is skeletal muscle?

A

-made of cells called fibers
-fibers are arranged into fascicles

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4
Q

what are fascicles?

A

-groups of fibers
-the whole muscle is groups of fascicles

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5
Q

what is a fascia?

A

-a connective tissue covering that holds layers together
-surrounds muscles or other organs

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6
Q

what are the 3 layers of fascia?

A

-epimysium
-perimysium
-endomysium

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7
Q

what is the epimysium?

A

-outermost layer of fascia
-surrounds the entire muscle

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8
Q

what is the perimysium?

A

-middle layer of fascia
-surrounds fascicles

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9
Q

what is the endomysium?

A

-innermost layer of fascia
-surrounds each muscle fiber

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10
Q

what are tendons?

A

-extensions of the fascia layers
-anchors to bone (periosteum), cartilage, or fascia
-rope-like bundle of dense regular CT
-ex: calcaneal (achilles) tendon

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11
Q

what are aponeuroses?

A

-extensions of the fascia layers
-anchors to bone (periosteum), cartilage, or fascia
-flat sheet of dense regular CT
-ex: epicranial aponeurosis (scalp) (connects frontal and occipital bellies)

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12
Q

what is the structure of skeletal muscle fibers?

A

-large + long multinucleated cells
-sarcolemma (cell membrane)
-sarcoplasm (cytoplasm)
-myofibrils (intracellular structures)
-t-tubules
-sarcoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

what are myofibrils?

A

-intracellular structures
-many to each muscle fiber
-composed of sarcomeres

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14
Q

what is the structure of sarcomeres?

A

-composed of proteins
-thin filaments
-thick filaments

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15
Q

what are thin filaments composed of? what are the functions of these proteins?

A

-actin
-tropomyosin (control contractions)
-troponin (control contractions)

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16
Q

how do contractions occur?

A

-globular heads of thick filaments will grab sites on the actin protein
-other proteins of the thin filament can obstruct this

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17
Q

what are thick filaments composed of? what is the function of this protein?

A

-myosin (functions in contraction)
-rod-like tails with 2 globular heads
-heads extend towards actin and attach to it during contraction (shortens the sarcomere)

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18
Q

where and how does myosin attach to the sarcomere?

A

-Z discs by the titin protein

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19
Q

what creates striations in the sarcomere?

A

-the different banding patterns of the sarcomere
-dark and light areas

20
Q

what are the different banding patterns?

A
  • A band
  • H zone
  • I band
  • Z discs
  • M line
21
Q

what is the A band?

A

-extends to the whole length of the thick filament
-includes some thin filament
-dark band
-darker in the area containing thin filament proteins
-includes all sarcomere proteins

22
Q

what is the H-zone?

A

-only myosin
-no thin filaments are present
-lighter band at the center of the A band

23
Q

what is the I-band?

A

-only the thin filaments and z-discs between each new sarcomere
-produces a lighter band

24
Q

what are Z-discs?

A

-at the end of each sarcomere
-connection points for other sarcomeres
-darkest striation in the center of the I-Band

25
Q

what is the M-line

A

-where myosin tails attach to each other (center of the sarcomere)
-middle

26
Q

what do sarcomeres join to form?

A

-myofibrils
-join end to end by z-discs

27
Q

what are T-tubules?

A

-continuations of the sarcolemma that extend deep into the cell/fiber
-allows a close contact of extracellular fluid

28
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

-smooth ER

29
Q

what is a triad?

A

-T-tubule and 2 terminal cisternae (enlarged areas of the SR)

30
Q

how do muscles produce movement?

A

-pull on bones (skin or other muscles too) when they contract
-bones allow for a certain range of motion
-using group action
-lever systems

31
Q

what are the types of group action in muscle movement?

A

-agonist
-synergists
-antagonist

32
Q

what is the origin point of a muscle?

A

-attachment of a tendon to the stationary bone
-not participating in physical movement

33
Q

what is the insertion point of a muscle?

A

-attachment of a tendon to the moveable bone
-participates in movement

34
Q

what is an agonist?

A

-major muscle producing a certain movement

35
Q

what are synergists?

A

-helpers for the agonist action
-prevent undesirable motions
-stabilizers

36
Q

what is an antagonist?

A

-produces the opposite action of the agonist
-contraction is inhibited when agonist contracts
-allow muscles to return to anatomical position

37
Q

what are lever systems?

A

-bone/muscle interaction at a joint
-levers = bones (insertion bone)
-fulcrum = joint
-effort = contraction of agonist
-resistance = opposes movement

38
Q

in a lever system, what must be greater to get movement?

A

-effort must be greater than resistance

39
Q

will certain muscles always be agonists or antagonists?

A

-no they switch depending on the movement

40
Q

in the flexion of the forearm while lifting a weight, what are all the different parts/roles?

A

-agonist = biceps brachii
-antagonist = triceps brachii
-synergists = brachialis, brachioradialis
-lever = radius (insertion point)
-fulcrum = elbow joint
-effort = muscle contraction
-resistance = weight of object + forearm + hand

41
Q

in the extension of the forearm, what is the agonist and what is the antagonist?

A

-agonist = triceps brachii
-antagonist = biceps brachii

42
Q

what are the categories of actions for skeletal muscles?

A

-flexors
-extensors
-abductors
-adductors

43
Q

what are flexor muscles?

A

-decrease the angle between two bones
-ex: biceps brachii

44
Q

what are extensor muscles?

A

-increase the angle between two bones
-bring back to anatomical position after flexion
-ex: tricep brachii

45
Q

what are abductor muscles?

A

-move limbs away from the midline

46
Q

what are adductor muscles?

A

-move limbs toward the midline

47
Q

what do tendons and aponeurosis act as? which is less common?

A

-connection points
-aponeurosis are less common

Anatomy (29 decks)

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