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Anatomy > Topic 14: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Topic 14: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the respiratory system

A

-air movement (ventilation) (in+out of lungs)
-exchange of gases between the lungs and blood (O2 + CO2)

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2
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the respiratory system?

A

-upper respiratory system
-lower respiratory system

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3
Q

what does the upper respiratory system contain?

A

-nose
-nasal cavity
-pharynx

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4
Q

what does the lower respiratory system contain?

A

-larynx
-trachea
-bronchial tree
-lungs

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5
Q

What is the mucosa lining of the respiratory system?

A

-ciliated pseudostratified epithelial tissue with goblet cells
-lamina propria (areolar CT)

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6
Q

what is the purpose of the epithelial tissue being ciliated?

A

-cilia sweeps mucus to the esophagus where it gets swallowed

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7
Q

what is the structure of the nose?

A

-supported by bone and hyaline cartilage
-contains nostrils/nares

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8
Q

what is the main entry point of the respiratory system? what can also be considered an entry point? why is this not the main entry point?

A

-nostrils are the main entry point
-the mouth is another entry point
-not the main entry point because it is the main entry point of the digestive system

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9
Q

what is the only visible part of the respiratory system?

A

-nose

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10
Q

what are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A

-airway passage (heats, moistens, and filters air)
-olfaction (smell)
-speech (resonance chamber)

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11
Q

what is a resonance chamber?

A

-transfers sound energy to the air

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12
Q

what divides the nasal cavity? what creates this?

A

-nasal septum
-anterior portion is hyaline cartilage
-posterior portion is made up of bone (vomer=main) (ethmoid=main) (maxillae=small) (palatine bones=small)

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13
Q

what are the 3 areas of the nasal cavity?

A

-vestibule
-respiratory area
-olfactory area

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14
Q

what is the vestibule area of the nasal cavity?

A

-anterior region
-no mucosa
-lined by thin skin with hair to filter dust + pollen

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15
Q

what is the respiratory area of the nasal cavity?

A

-posterior region
-contains chonchae + nasal meatuses
-opening for the nasolacrimal duct

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16
Q

what are chonchae?

A

-protrude medially from the lateral walls of the respiratory area of the nasal cavity
-superior + middle (projection of the ethmoid)
-inferior (separate bone)

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17
Q

what do the chonchae and nasal meatuses cause?

A

-air turbulence to humidify air and trap dust and pollen onto the ciliated epithelium

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18
Q

what does the nasolacrimal duct connect? what does this allow for?

A

-the medial region of the eye to the inferior nasal meatus
-lacrimal fluid (tears) to drain into the nasal cavity

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19
Q

what is the olfactory area of the nasal cavity?

A

-roof of the nasal cavity
-mucosa contains olfactory neurons (sensory receptors for sense of smell)

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20
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses?

A

-8 air filled spaces in the skull (no blood flow)
-paired left and right
-open directly into the nasal cavity

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21
Q

where are the paranasal sinuses located?

A

-frontal
-sphenoid
-ethmoid
-maxillae

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22
Q

what is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A

-to warm and moisten air

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23
Q

what is sinusitis?

A

-inflammation of the mucous membranes within the sinuses due to infection

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24
Q

what is the pharynx also known as?

A

-throat

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25
Q

what are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A

-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx

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26
Q

what are the characteristics of the nasopharynx?

A

-posterior to the nasal cavity
-passage for air only
-contains pharyngeal tonsil + openings

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27
Q

what are the openings of the nasopharynx?

A

-2 posterior nasal apertures
-2 pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes

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28
Q

what are the characteristics of the oropharynx?

A

-posterior to the oral cavity
-air + food passage
-mucosa is stratified squamous epithelium
-extends from the soft palate to the top of the epiglottis
-contains the other palatine tonsils and lingual tonsil

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29
Q

what are the characteristics of the laryngopharynx?

A

-posterior to the larynx
-air + food passage
-mucosa is stratified squamous epithelium
-extends from the epiglottis to the opening of the larynx

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30
Q

what are the characteristics of the larynx?

A

-anterior to the laryngopharynx
-air passage only
-made of 8 hyaline cartilages and 1 elastic cartilage

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31
Q

what are the characteristics of the epiglottis?

A

-covers the glottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering the larynx
-made of elastic cartilage (flexible)

32
Q

what forms the vocal cords?

A

-2 paired folds under the laryngeal mucosa in the mid larynx
-ligaments

33
Q

what are the two paired vocal cord folds?

A

-vestibular folds
-vocal folds

34
Q

what is the vestibular fold?

A

-false vocal cords
-superior fold
-helps close the glottis

35
Q

what is the vocal fold?

A

-true vocal cords
-inferior fold
-produce sound by vibration

36
Q

what is the glottis?

A

-the space that includes the true vocal cords and their opening between
-closes to prevent food + liquid from entering the trachea

37
Q

what is laryngitis? what causes it?

A

-inflammation of the larynx
-can arise from infection or irritation

38
Q

what is the trachea?

A

-connects the larynx to the main bronchi
-20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage
-air passageway only

39
Q

what is the trachea’s anatomical position in relation to the esophagus?

A

-trachea is anterior to the esophagus

40
Q

why does the opening of the C-shaped cartilage of the trachea face the esophagus?

A

-to allow for expansion of the esophagus (contractions)

41
Q

what is the bronchial tree?

A

-connects the trachea to the alveoli of lungs
-extends from left and right main bronchi to alveolar ducts
-air passageway that branches into very small passageways

42
Q

what are the two types of structures within the bronchial tree?

A

-conducting zone structures
-respiratory zone structures

43
Q

what are the conducting zone structures?

A

-2 main (primary) bronchi (left/right)
-5 lobar (secondary) bronchi (3 right/2 left)
-segmental bronchi (various branching)
-terminal bronchioles (various branching)

44
Q

what is the transition of mucosa from the main bronchi to the terminal bronchioles?

A

-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium to ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

45
Q

what are the respiratory zone structures?

A

-respiratory bronchioles (various branching)
-alveolar ducts (tips of bronchial tree)
-alveoli
-sites of gas exchange

46
Q

what are alveoli?

A

-honeycomb-like chambers
-main site of gas exchange
-form part of the respiratory membrane
-have millions

47
Q

what is the transition of mucosa from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar ducts?

A

-ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium to simple squamous

48
Q

what is purpose of surfactant?

A

-covers the inner surface of alveoli
-reduces attractive forces between water molecules
-makes it easier for alveoli to expand during inhalation

49
Q

why does the blood going through the pulmonary veins coming from the lung/bronchial tissue stay oxygenated?

A

-most blood is already oxygenated
-has little effect

50
Q

what separates the right and left lung?

A

-mediastinum (cavity)

51
Q

how many lobes does each lung have?

A

-right = 3 lobes, superior, middle, inferior
-left = 2 lobes, superior, inferior

52
Q

what does the left lung contain that the right lung does not?

A

-cardiac notch (spot where the heart lies)

53
Q

what is the serous membrane of the lungs called?

A

-pleura
-visceral and parietal pleura
-forms the pleural cavity

54
Q

where is the visceral layer of the pleura located?

A

-on the surface of the lung

55
Q

where is the parietal layer of the pleura located?

A

-on the inner thoracic wall, superior diaphragm and mediastinum

56
Q

what is the purpose of the pleural cavity?

A

-filled with serous fluid
-prevents friction when the lungs move
-holds lungs to the thoracic cavity wall

57
Q

what makes up the respiratory membrane?

A

-3 layers
-2 epithelia + their fused basement membrane

58
Q

what are the 3 layers of the respiratory membrane?

A

-wall of alveolus (alveoli)
-basement membranes of the alveolus + capillary
-wall of capillary

59
Q

what forms the walls of the alveoli?

A

-simple epithelium
-2 cell types

60
Q

what are the 3 cell types in the alveolus wall?

A

-Type I alveolar cells
-Type II alveolar cells

61
Q

what are the characteristics of type I alveolar cells?

A

-simple squamous
-allow for gas diffusion
-majority of the cells

62
Q

what are the characteristics of type II alveolar cells?

A

-simple cuboidal
-secrete surfactant

63
Q

what are the characteristics of macrophages?

A

-free moving between blood and alveoli
-remove dust, pathogens and cellular debris
-white blood cells

64
Q

what allows for air movement between adjacent alveoli?

A

-alveolar pores (openings)

65
Q

what type of tissue is the wall of a capillary?

A

-simple squamous epithelium
-endothelium

66
Q

what are the characteristics of bronchial circulation?

A

-subdivision of systemic
-blood used to nourish the lung tissue
-contains bronchial arteries (arise from aorta)
-bronchial vein OR pulmonary veins

67
Q

what do the bronchial arteries carry? where to? where not to?

A

-oxygenated blood
-to lung tissues (ex: bronchi)
-not to the respiratory portions

68
Q

where does the returning blood of bronchial circulation come from?

A

-bronchial veins (little blood) to right atrium
-pulmonary veins (most blood) to left atrium

69
Q

what is pulmonary edema?

A

-accumulation of fluid in the lungs
-between cells + within alveoli

70
Q

what is pulmonary embolism?

A

-blockage of pulmonary vasculature (blood vessels)
-due to blood clot, arteriosclerosis, air bubbles in vessels

71
Q

what are nasal meatuses?

A

-channels between nasal chonchae where air passes

72
Q

what is the purpose of there being no blood flow in the paranasal sinuses?

A

-make the skull lighter

73
Q

what do the two posterior nasal apertures connect?

A

-nasal cavity to the nasopharynx

74
Q

what do the two pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes connect?

A

-middle ear to the nasopharynx

75
Q

where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?

A

-on the posterior wall

76
Q

what is the one elastic cartilage in the larynx?

A

-epiglottis

77
Q

where do the 2 main bronchi branch off and where do they lead?

A

-branch off the trachea and lead to each lung

Anatomy (29 decks)

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