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Anatomy > Topic 14: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Topic 14: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the respiratory system

A

-air movement (in+out of lungs)
-exchange of gases between the lungs and blood (O2 + CO2)

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2
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the respiratory system?

A

-upper respiratory system
-lower respiratory system

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3
Q

what does the upper respiratory system contain?

A

-nose
-nasal cavity
-pharynx

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4
Q

what are the anatomical positions between the structures in the upper system?

A

-nasal cavity is posterior to the nose
-pharynx is posterior and inferior to the nasal cavity

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5
Q

what does the lower respiratory system contain?

A

-larynx
-trachea
-bronchial tree
-lungs

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6
Q

What is the lining of the respiratory system?

A

-mucosa lining
-one exception
-epithelial tissue with a CT layer (lamina propria) (loose areolar CT)

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7
Q

what is the epithelial tissue for most of the respiratory system?

A

-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-has goblet cells to secrete mucus

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8
Q

what is the purpose of the epithelial tissue being ciliated?

A

-cilia sweeps mucous to the esophagus where it gets swallowed

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9
Q

what is the structure of the nose?

A

-supported by bone and hyaline cartilage
-contains nostrils/nares

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10
Q

what is the main entry point of the respiratory system? what can also be considered an entry point? why is this not the main entry point?

A

-nostrils are the main entry point
-the mouth is another entry point
-not the main entry point because it is the main entry point of the digestive system

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11
Q

what is the only visible part of the respiratory system?

A

-nose

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12
Q

what are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A

-airway passage (heats + moistens air)
-olfaction (smell)
-speech (resonance chamber)

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13
Q

what is a resonance chamber?

A

-transfers sound energy to the air

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14
Q

what divides the nasal cavity? what creates this?

A

-nasal septum
-anterior portion is hyaline cartilage
-posterior portion is made up of bone (vomer=main) (ethmoid=main) (maxillae=small) (palatine bones=small)

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15
Q

what are the 3 areas of the nasal cavity?

A

-vestibule
-respiratory area
-olfactory area

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16
Q

what is the vestibule area of the nasal cavity?

A

-anterior region
-lined by skin with coarse hair
-the exception to the mucosa lining

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17
Q

what is the respiratory area of the nasal cavity?

A

-posterior region
-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium + CT
-contains chonchae + nasal meatuses
-opening for the lacrimal duct

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18
Q

what are chonchae?

A

-protrude from the walls of the respiratory area of the nasal cavity
-superior + middle (same bone) , inferior (separate bone)

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19
Q

what is inferior to the chonchae?

A

-nasal meatuses
-shallow grooves

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20
Q

what do the chonchae and nasal meatuses cause?

A

-air turbulence to knock out dust

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21
Q

what is the purpose of the lacrimal duct?

A

-brings tears to the nasal cavity

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22
Q

what is the olfactory area of the nasal cavity?

A

-sense of smell
-contains nerves at the roof of the cavity
-neurons are the olfactory receptors

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23
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses?

A

-8 air filled spaces in the skull
-paired left and right
-open directly into the nasal cavity

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24
Q

-where are the paranasal sinuses located?

A

-frontal
-sphenoid
-ethmoid
-maxillae

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25
Q

what is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A

-to warm and moisten air
-lighten the skull

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26
Q

what is sinusitis?

A

-inflammation of the mucous membranes within the sinuses

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27
Q

what is the pharynx also known as?

A

-throat

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28
Q

what are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A

-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx

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29
Q

what are the characteristics of the nasopharynx?

A

-posterior + slightly inferior to the nasal cavity
-passage for air only
-contains pharyngeal tonsils + openings

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30
Q

what are the openings of the nasopharynx?

A

-2 posterior nasal apertures
-2 pharyngotympanic tubes

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31
Q

what are the characteristics of the oropharynx?

A

-posterior to the oral cavity (mouth)
-air + food passage
-stratified squamous epithelium
-extends from the soft palate to the top of the epiglottis
-contains the other 2 tonsils

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32
Q

what tonsils are contained in the oropharynx?

A

-palatine tonsils
-lingual tonsil

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33
Q

what are the characteristics of the laryngopharynx?

A

-air + food passage
-stratified squamous epithelium
-extends from the epiglottis to the opening of the larynx

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34
Q

what are the characteristics of the larynx?

A

-air passage only
-made of 9 cartilages

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35
Q

what type of cartilage makes up the cartilages of the larynx?

A

-hyaline cartilage
-except the epiglottis (elastic cartilage)

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36
Q

what are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

A

-thyroid cartilage
-cricoid cartilage
-epiglottis

37
Q

what are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx?

A

-arytenoid cartilage
-don’t need to know the other 2

38
Q

what are the characteristics of the thyroid cartilage?

A

-on the anterior wall of the larynx
-adam’s apple
-testosterone stimulates its growth
-does not go all the way around (shield)

39
Q

what are the characteristics of the cricoid cartilage?

A

-forms a complete ring
-inferior to the thyroid cartilage

40
Q

what are the characteristics of the epiglottis?

A

-covers the glottis during swallowing
-made of elastic cartilage

41
Q

what does the arytenoid cartilage attach?

A

-the vocal cords

42
Q

what forms the vocal cords?

A

-2 paired folds in the mucosa

43
Q

what are the two vocal cord folds?

A

-vestibular fold
-vocal fold

44
Q

what is the vestibular fold?

A

-false vocal cords
-superior fold

45
Q

what is the vocal fold?

A

-true vocal cords
-inferior fold
-produce sound by vibration

46
Q

what is the glottis?

A

-the space that includes the true vocal cords and their opening
-closes to prevent food + liquid from entering the trachea

47
Q

what is laryngitis? what causes it?

A

-inflammation of the larynx
-can arise from infection or irritation

48
Q

what is the tachea?

A

-connects the larynx to the main bronchi
-20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage

49
Q

what is the trachea’s anatomical position in relation to the esophagus?

A

-trachea is anterior to the esophagus

50
Q

why does the opening of the C-shaped cartilage of the trachea face the esophagus?

A

-to allow for expansion of the esophagus (contractions)

51
Q

what is the bronchial tree?

A

-main bronchi to the alveolar ducts

52
Q

what are connected to the alveolar ducts?

A

-alveoli

53
Q

are alveoli apart of the bronchial tree?

A

-NO

54
Q

what are alveoli?

A

-small air sacs where a majority of gas exchange occurs
-contain large networks of capillaries surrounding them

55
Q

where besides the alveoli does gas exchange occur?

A

-respiratory bronchioles

56
Q

how does the epithelium of the mucosa change throughout the bronchial tree? why does this change happen?

A

-main bronchi = ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-terminal bronchioles = ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium
-alveolar ducts = non-ciliated simple squamous epithelium

57
Q

what is the purpose of having cartilage within the bronchial tree?

A

-to keep things open

58
Q

How does the amount of cartilage change in the bronchial tree?

A

-main bronchi > segmental bronchi = decreasing hyaline cartilage + increasing smooth muscle
-terminal bronchioles > alveolar ducts =no cartilage + only smooth muscle and elastic fibres

59
Q

why do changes happen within the bronchial tree?

A

-the amount of space that is available

60
Q

what structures are responsible for air conduction? what is the purpose of air conduction?

A

-nasal cavity > terminal bronchioles
-to condition air (warm, moisten, and filter it)

61
Q

what structures are responsible for gas exchange?

A

-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveoli (90%)

62
Q

what separates the right and left lung?

A

-mediastinum (cavity)

63
Q

how many lobes does each lung have?

A

-right = 3 lobes, superior, middle, inferior
-left = 2 lobes, superior, inferior

64
Q

what does the left lung contain that the right lung does not?

A

-cardiac notch (spot where the heart lies)

65
Q

what is the serous membrane of the lungs called?

A

-pleura
-visceral and parietal pleura
-forms the pleural cavity

66
Q

where is the visceral layer of the pleura located?

A

-on the surface of the lung

67
Q

where is the parietal layer of the pleura located?

A

-on the inner thoracic wall

68
Q

what is the purpose of the pleural cavity?

A

-filled with serous fluid
-prevents friction when the lungs move
-holds lungs to the thoracic cavity wall

69
Q

what makes up the respiratory membrane?

A

-3 layers
-2 epithelia + their basement membrane

70
Q

what are the 3 layers of the respiratory membrane?

A

-wall of alveolus (alveoli)
-basement membranes of the alveolus + capillary
-wall of capillary

71
Q

what forms the walls of the alveoli?

A

-simple epithelium
-3 cell types

72
Q

what are the 3 cell types in the alveolus wall?

A

-Type I alveolar cells
-Type II alveolar cells
-macrophages

73
Q

what are the characteristics of type I alveolar cells?

A

-simple squamous
-allow for gas diffusion
-majority of the cells

74
Q

what are the characteristics of type II alveolar cells?

A

-simple cuboidal
-secrete surfactant
-the surfactant allows the lung to expand with ease

75
Q

what are the characteristics of macrophages?

A

-free moving across the surface of type I cells
-remove dust and debris
-white blood cells

76
Q

what allows for air movement between the alveoli?

A

-alveolar pores

77
Q

what type of tissue/cell is the wall of a capillary?

A

-simple squamous epithelium
-endothelial cells

78
Q

what are the characteristics of bronchial circulation?

A

-subdivision of systemic
-blood used to nourish the lung tissue
-contains bronchial arteries

79
Q

which portion of the lung tissue does oxygenated blood not get carried to?

A

-respiratory portion (resp. bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli)

80
Q

where does the returning blood of bronchial circulation come from?

A

-bronchial veins (little blood)
-pulmonary veins (most blood) (blood in veins stays oxy. adding a small drop of deoxy to a ton of oxy)

81
Q

what is pulmonary edema?

A

-accumulation of fluid in the lungs
-between cells + within alveoli

82
Q

what is tuberculosis?

A

-thickening of the respiratory membrane
-lung tissue gets replaced by fibrous CT (scar tissue)
-decreased lung elasticity + gas exchange area
-also called mycobacterium tuberculosis or TB

83
Q

what is pulmonary embolism?

A

-blockage of pulmonary vasculature (blood vessels)
-due to blood clot, arteriosclerosis, air bubbles in vessels

84
Q

what is pneumothorax?

A

-entry of air into the pleural cavity
-causes lung to collapse
-comes from puncture wounds

85
Q

what is emphysema?

A

-alveolar walls break
-fewer + larger alveoli
-decreased surface area for gas exchange
-decreased elasticity (hard to breathe) + recoil (less air out on exhalation)

86
Q

what are the basics of ventilation (breathing)?

A

-muscles are skeletal (voluntary action)
-inspiration
-expiration

87
Q

what occurs in inspriation?

A

-diaphragm + external intercostals contract

88
Q

what occurs in expiration?

A

-diaphragm + external intercostals relax
-passive

Anatomy (29 decks)

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