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Anatomy > Topic 15: Digestive System > Flashcards

Topic 15: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

what is included in the digestive system?

A

-gastrointestinal tract
-accessory organs

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2
Q

what is the gastrointestinal tract?

A

-tube from the mouth to the anus

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3
Q

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

-teeth, tongue, salivary glands
-pancreas
-liver
-gallbladder

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4
Q

what are the 4 processes of the digestion system?

A

-ingestion
-digestion
-absorption
-defecation

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5
Q

what is ingestion?

A

-bringing food into the oral cavity

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6
Q

what is digestion? what are the 2 types of digestion?

A

-when large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
-mechanical and chemical digestion

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7
Q

what is mechanical digestion?

A

-physical breakdown + motility
-ex: chewing

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8
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

-enzymes
-acid secretions

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9
Q

what is absorption?

A

-the end products of digestion entering the blood or the lymph

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10
Q

-what is defecation?

A

-elimination of undigested material
-pooping!

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11
Q

what are the 4 basic layers of the GI tract?

A

-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis externa
-serosa/adventitia

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12
Q

what are the 3 layers of the mucosa in the GI tract?

A

-epithelium with goblet cells
-lamina propria
-muscularis mucosa

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13
Q

what types of tissue are in the mucosa layer of the GI tract?

A

-stratified squamous = esophagus and anal canal
-high abrasion in these areas + lower water content in the anal canal
-simple columnar (secretions) = stomach, intestines, rectum
-lower abrasion + higher water content in some areas

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14
Q

what is the purpose of the lamina propria in the digestive system?

A

-contains blood, lymph vessels, nodules, and tissues for immune purposes
-ingesting things from the external environment

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15
Q

what are the characteristics of the muscularis layer of the mucosa?

A

-smooth muscle
-allows for movement of mucosa

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16
Q

what are the characteristics of the submucosa?

A

-areolar CT
-contains blood + lymphatic vessels, and a network of nerve cells

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17
Q

what are the characteristics of the muscularis externa layer of the GI tract?

A

-smooth muscle (2 layers) separated by a second network of nerve cells
-contractions controlled by the nerve network cause motility (mixing and movement)

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18
Q

what are the 2 layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa?

A

-inner circular layer (contraction constricts lumen)
-outer longitudinal layer (contraction shortens gut length)

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19
Q

what is adventitia? what differs from serosa?

A

-CT layer that does not allow for movement
-serosa allows for movement

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20
Q

what are the structures of the digestive system?

A

-oral cavity
-salivary glands
-dentition (teeth)
-oropharynx + laryngopharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-large intestine

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21
Q

what is included in the oral cavity?

A

-lips, cheeks, palate, tongue

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22
Q

what creates your hard palate?

A

-2 maxillae
-2 palatine bones

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23
Q

what creates your soft palate? what is associated with the soft palate?

A

-skeletal muscle
-posterior projection called the uvula

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24
Q

what is the purpose of the uvula?

A

-rises to close the nasopharynx when swallowing

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25
Q

what are the structural characteristics of the tongue?

A

-attached to the hyoid bone
-made of skeletal muscle
-projections of mucosa called papillae (taste buds)

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26
Q

how many pairs of salivary glands are there? what are they called?

A

-3 pairs
-parotid
-submandibular
-sublingual

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27
Q

where are the parotid salivary glands located?

A

-inferior + anterior to ears

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28
Q

where are the submandibular salivary glands located?

A

-floor of the mouth (below the mandible)

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29
Q

where are the sublingual salivary glands located?

A

-below the tongue on the floor of the mouth

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30
Q

what is saliva made of?

A

-99.5% water
-0.5% solutes (enzymes)

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31
Q

where do your teeth come off of?

A

-maxillae + mandible

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32
Q

what are primary + secondary dentition?

A

-primary = child (deciduous)
-secondary = adult (permanent)

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33
Q

how many central incisor teeth do children + adults have in each quadrant? total?

A

-both have 1 in each quadrant
-4 in total

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34
Q

how many lateral incisor teeth do children + adults have in each quadrant? total?

A

-both have 1 in each quadrant
-4 in total

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35
Q

how many canine teeth do children + adults have in each quadrant? total?

A

-both have 1 in each quadrant
-4 in total

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36
Q

how many premolar teeth do children + adults have in each quadrant? total?

A

-children = 0
-adult = 2 in each quadrant, 8 total

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37
Q

how many molar teeth do children + adults have in each quadrant? total?

A

-children = 2 in each quadrant, 8 in total
-adult = 3 in each quadrant, 12 in total

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38
Q

what are the total amounts of teeth in children + adults?

A

-children = 20
-adult = 32

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39
Q

what are the structural components of a tooth?

A

-crown
-root
-neck
-periodontal ligaments
-root canal + pulp cavity

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40
Q

what is the crown of a tooth?

A

-above the gums (visible)
-made of dentin with an enamel overlay
-dentin is the majority of a tooth

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41
Q

what is enamel?

A

-acellular (lacks cells)
-very thin but strong
-highly calcified (HARD)

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42
Q

what differs between enamel, dentin, and cementum with bone?

A

-very similar
-avascular

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43
Q

what is the root of a tooth?

A

-dentin + cementum overlay

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44
Q

what is the neck of the tooth?

A

-enamel + cementum boundary (gums)

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45
Q

what is the purpose of the periodontal ligaments?

A

-attaches the root to underlying bones

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46
Q

what is contained within the root canal and pulp cavity?

A

-CT
-blood + lymph vessels
-nerves

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47
Q

what is the lining of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

-only muscularis externa (skeletal muscle) + stratified squamous epithelium

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48
Q

what are the characteristics of the esophagus?

A

-posterior to the trachea
-passes through the diaphragm entering the abdominal cavity

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49
Q

what are the exceptions in the histology of the esophagus?

A

-muscularis externa composition
-upper 1/3 = skeletal muscle
-middle 1/3 = skeletal muscle + smooth muscle
-lower 1/3 = smooth muscle
-has adventitia within the thoracic cavity and serosa within the abdominal cavity

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50
Q

what are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

-cardiac region (cardia)
-fundus
-body
-pyloric region (pylorus)

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51
Q

what region of the stomach is attached to the inferior esophagus?

A

-cardiac region

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52
Q

where is the fundus region of the stomach located?

A

-superior to the esophageal entrance

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53
Q

what is in the pyloric region of the stomach? what is its purpose?

A

-pyloric sphincter
-regulates release of stomach contents into the small intestine

54
Q

what is the body of the stomach?

A

-middle portion

55
Q

what is the purpose of the stomach?

A

-stores, partially digests, and regulates emptying of chyme into the small intestine
-chyme = food + gastric juice

56
Q

what is special about the stomach’s mucosal surface?

A

-formed exclusively by mucous cells
-has many gastric pits connected to underlying gastric glands
-has rugae
-3 muscularis externa layers (for churning)

57
Q

what are gastric pits? what are gastric glands?

A

-invaginations of the epithelium
-exocrine glands that secrete gastric juice into gastric pits to enter the lumen of the stomach

58
Q

what do chief cells secrete?

A

-enzymes for protein and fat digestion

59
Q

what do parietal cells secrete? what does this do?

A

-HCL
-lowers the stomachs pH

60
Q

what do G cells (enteroendocrine) secrete?

A

-secrete a hormone into the blood that regulates activity of parietal cells and other digestive processes

61
Q

what are rugae?

A

-folds of the mucosa and submucosa
-visible when the stomach is empty

62
Q

how is rugae created in the stomach? what does it allow for?

A

-created due to contractions of muscularis mucosa
-allows for stomach expansion without tearing

63
Q

what is special about the muscularis externa of the stomach? what is its overall function?

A

-3 layers instead of 2
-inner oblique
-middle circular
-outer longitudinal
-function = churning of cyme

64
Q

where does the small intestine extend to?

A

-pyloric sphincter to the ileocaecal valve

65
Q

what are the 3 segments of the small intestine?

A

-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

66
Q

what are the characteristics of the duodenum?

A

-first fold of the intestine
-short
-retroperitoneal
-extra glands that secrete alkaline mucous
-ducts of accessory organs enter here

67
Q

what is the purpose of the alkaline secretion in the duodenum?

A

-protects against the stomach acid

68
Q

what section of the small intestine is the jejunum?

A

-middle section

69
Q

where does the ileum attach?

A

-the caecum (part of the large intestine)

70
Q

what is the special characteristic of the ileum

A

-has a group of lymph nodules called peyer’s patches

71
Q

what is the purpose of the peyer’s patches in the ileum?

A

-prevents infection of the small intestine
-prevents bacteria from entering the blood

72
Q

what are the specialized characteristics of the small intestine? what is the overall purpose?

A

-plicae circulares
-villi
-microvilli
-the purpose is to increase absorption surface area

73
Q

what are plicae circulares?

A

-large folds of the submucosa

74
Q

what are villi? what do they contain?

A

-projections of the the mucosa into the lumen of the intestine
-contains blood capillaries + lacteals

75
Q

what are lacteals?

A

-lymph capillaries that can absorb larger fats

76
Q

what are microvilli?

A

-projections of the enterocytes cell membranes
-extend into the lumen of the small intestine

77
Q

what do the microvilli form on the surface of the mucosa?

A

-fuzzy “brush border”

78
Q

what are the accessory organs of the small intestine? what is their purpose?

A

-pancreas
-liver
-gall bladder
-release exocrine and/or endocrine secretions involved in digestive processes

79
Q

what retroperitoneal mean?

A

-posterior to the parietal peritoneum
-peritoneum only lines one side of the organ
-anterior surface is covered by the parietal peritoneum
-posterior surface is covered by adventitia (connects organ to the body wall)

80
Q

what are the parts of the pancreas? what else does it contain?

A

-head, neck, body, tail
-contains exocrine glands (secrete pancreatic juice)
-contains endocrine glands (secrete hormones)

81
Q

what cells are present in the exocrine glands of the pancreas?

A

-acinar cells (most)
-duct cells

82
Q

what do the acinar cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

-digestive enzymes into the ducts

83
Q

what do the duct cells of the pancreas secrete?

A

-alkaline fluid to neutralize stomach acid

84
Q

what creates pancreatic juice?

A

-digestive enzymes + alkaline fluid

85
Q

what cells are present in the endocrine glands of the pancreas?

A

-islets of langerhans (between clusters of acinar cells)

86
Q

what do the islets of langerhans secrete?

A

-insulin (beta cells)
-glucagon (alpha cells)

87
Q

what is the purpose of glucagon and insulin?

A

-regulate blood sugar levels

88
Q

how many lobes does the liver have?

A

-4
-right, left, quadrate, and caudate
-only the right and left can be seen anteriorly

89
Q

what are the cells in the liver?

A

-hepatocytes

90
Q

what is the purpose of the liver?

A

-metabolic and digestive roles
-processes, modifies, and detoxifies absorbed material from the GI tract before its transported
-produces bile

91
Q

what is bile used for?

A

-fat digestion

92
Q

what is the gall bladder? what are its features and purpose?

A

-muscular sac on the inferior surface of the liver
-has rugae + no submucosa
-stores + concentrates bile
-contractions release bile into the duodenum

93
Q

what part of the small intestine do the accessory organs enter?

A

-the duodenum via a series of ducts

94
Q

where does the large intestine extend to?

A

-ileocaecal valve to the anus

95
Q

what differs the large intestine from the small intestine?

A

-no villi or folds in the mucosa
-little absorption

96
Q

what are the functions of the large intestine?

A

-absorption of water, electrolytes, and vitamins
-formation and temporary storage of feces

97
Q

what does the large intestine consist of?

A

-caecum
-appendix
-colon
-rectum
-anal canal

98
Q

what are the parts of the colon?

A

-ascending (right side of abdominal cavity)
-hepatic flexure
-transverse
-splenic flexure
-descending (left side of the abdominal cavity)
-sigmoid

99
Q

what is a flexure?

A

-a bend or curve (spaces for organs)

100
Q

what is special about the colon histology?

A

-muscularis externa longitudinal layer is incomplete (in bands) called taeniae coli
-contractions form pouches (haustra)

101
Q

does the rectum contain taeniae coli?

A

-no

102
Q

what is the caecum connected to?

A

-the ileum by the ileocaecal valve

103
Q

what are the two anal sphincters? what type of muscle creates them? voluntary or involuntary?

A

-internal (smooth muscle) (involuntary)
-external (skeletal muscle) (voluntary)

104
Q

what controls the opening and closing of the inferior anal canal during defacation?

A

-2 anal sphincters

105
Q

where is the anal canal located? what is the inferior opening?

A

-last segment of the large intestine
-external to the abdominopelvic cavity
-the anus

106
Q

what is a portal system?

A

-blood vessels between 2 capillary beds
-blood does not return to the heart between them

107
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A

-serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity and most of the abdominal organs

108
Q

what are the parts of the serous membrane (peritoneum)?

A

-visceral peritoneum (against organ wall)
-parietal peritoneum (against cavity wall)
-peritoneal cavity (filled with serous fluid)

109
Q

what is omenta?

A

-folds of serosa between organs made of a sheet of 2 fused layers of visceral peritoneum
-contain blood + lymph vessels and nerves

110
Q

what are examples of omenta?

A

-greater omentum
-lesser omentum

111
Q

what is the greater omentum?

A

-“fatty apron”
-connects the stomach to transverse colon
-forms a large fold that hangs down over the transverse colon and small intestine

112
Q

what does the mesentery act as?

A

-entry and exit point for blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels
-supply the digestive organs

113
Q

where is the lesser omentum?

A

-connects the liver to the stomach

114
Q

what is the mesentery?

A

-folds of serosa between the posterior abdominal wall and the intestines made of a sheet of 2 fused layers of parietal peritoneum

115
Q

what is the mucosa of the oral cavity?

A

-stratified squamous epithelium and lamina propria

116
Q

what causes mumps?

A

-inflammation of 1 or both parotid salivary glands

117
Q

what cells are contained within the gastric glands?

A

-goblet cells
-chief cells
-parietal cells
-G cells

118
Q

what are examples of retroperitoneal organs in the digestive system?

A

-duodenum
-pancreas

119
Q

what is GERD?

A

-gastroesophageal reflux disease
-stomach contents flow into the esophagus

120
Q

what is appendicitis?

A

-inflammation of the appendix
-pain in the lower right quadrant

121
Q

what is cholecystitis?

A

-inflammation of the gallbladder
-due to blockage of the cystic duct with gall stone
-pain in the upper right quadrant

122
Q

what is the pathway of the hepatic portal system from the aorta to the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

-aorta
-inferior mesenteric artery
-capillaries in the large intestine
-inferior mesenteric veins
-splenic vein
-hepatic portal vein
-capillaries in the liver
-hepatic vein
-inferior vena cava

123
Q

what is the pathway of the hepatic portal system from the aorta to the superior mesenteric artery?

A

-aorta
-superior mesenteric artery
-capillaries in the large and small intestines
-superior mesenteric veins
-hepatic portal vein
-capillaries in the liver
-hepatic vein
-inferior vena cava

124
Q

what does the right upper quadrant include?

A

-liver
-gallbladder
-duodenum
-head of pancreas
-right kidney + right adrenal gland
-hepatic flexure of colon

125
Q

what does the right lower quadrant include?

A

-caecum
-appendix
-ascending colon
-right ovary + uterine tube
-right ureter

126
Q

what does the left upper quadrant include?

A

-stomach
-spleen
-splenic flexure of colon
-left lobe of liver
-body of pancreas
-left kidney + left adrenal gland
-parts of the transverse and descending colon

127
Q

what does the left lower quadrant include?

A

-descending colon
-sigmoid colon
-left ovary + uterine tube
-left ureter

128
Q

what is the duct system of the pancreas?

A

-pancreas
-pancreatic duct
-accessory pancreatic duct > duodenum
-hepatopancreatic ampulla > duodenum

129
Q

what is the duct system of the liver?

A

-liver
-hepatic duct
-common bile duct
-hepatopancreatic ampulla
-duodenum

130
Q

what is the duct system of the gallbladder?

A

-gallbladder
-cystic duct
-common bile duct
-hepatopancreatic ampulla
-duodenum

Anatomy (29 decks)

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