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Anatomy > Topic 15: Digestive System > Flashcards

Topic 15: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

what is included in the digestive system?

A

-gastrointestinal tract
-accessory organs

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2
Q

what is the gastrointestinal tract?

A

-tube from the mouth to the anus

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3
Q

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

-teeth, tongue, salivary glands
-pancreas
-liver
-gallbladder

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4
Q

what are the 4 processes of the digestion system?

A

-ingestion
-digestion
-absorption
-defecation

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5
Q

what is ingestion?

A

-bringing food into the oral cavity

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6
Q

what is digestion? what are the 2 types of digestion?

A

-when large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
-mechanical and chemical digestion

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7
Q

what is mechanical digestion?

A

-physical breakdown + motility
-peristalsis
-ex: chewing

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8
Q

what is motility?

A

-movement
-food moving through the system

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9
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

-contractions throughout the GI tract
-propels food

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10
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

-enzymes
-acid secretions

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11
Q

what is absorption?

A

-the end products of digestion entering the blood or the lymph

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12
Q

-what is defecation?

A

-elimination of undigested material
-pooping!

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13
Q

what are the 4 basic layers of the GI tract?

A

-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis externa
-serosa/adventitia

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14
Q

what are the 3 layers of the mucosa in the GI tract?

A

-epithelium with goblet cells
-lamina propria
-muscularis mucosa

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15
Q

what types of cells are in the mucosa layer of the GI tract?

A

-stratified squamous = mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal
-high abrasion in these areas + lower water content in the anal canal
-simple columnar (secretions) = stomach, intestines, rectum
-lower abrasion + higher water content in some areas

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16
Q

what is the purpose of the lamina propria in the digestive system?

A

-acts as the first line of defense
-contains blood, lymph vessels, nodules, and tissues for immune purposes
-ingesting things from the external environment

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17
Q

why is the immune function so important in the lamina propria?

A

-removes pathogens from ingestion
-food comes from the uncontrolled external environment

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18
Q

what are the characteristics of the muscularis layer of the mucosa?

A

-smooth muscle
-allows for movement
-very thin
-helps dislodge food that is trying to pass

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19
Q

what are the characteristics of the submucosa?

A

-areolar CT
-contains blood + lymphatic vessels, submucosal nerve plexus

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20
Q

what does the submucosal nerve plexus control?

A

-the secretions of the organs in the digestive canal

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of the muscularis externa layer of the GI tract?

A

-smooth muscle
-inner circular layer
-outer longitudinal layer
-myenteric nerve plexus between the 2 layers
-creates contractions to cause motility (mixing + movement)

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22
Q

what does the myenteric nerve plexus help control?

A

-controls smooth muscle for digestive processes (motility, strength + frequency of contractions)

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23
Q

what is adventitia? what differs from serosa?

A

-CT layer that does not allow for movement
-serosa allows for movement

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24
Q

what decides whether adventitia or serosa is present?

A

-depends on if contraction or movement is wanted to occur within a specific organ

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25
Q

what are the structures of the digestive system?

A

-oral cavity
-salivary glands
-dentition (teeth)
-oropharynx + laryngopharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-large intestine

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26
Q

what is included in the oral cavity?

A

-lips, cheeks, palate, tongue

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27
Q

what creates your hard palate?

A

-2 maxillae
-2 palatine bones

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28
Q

what creates your soft palate? what is associated with the soft palate?

A

-skeletal muscle
-posterior projection called the uvula

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29
Q

what is the purpose of the uvula?

A

-rises to close the nasopharynx when swallowing

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30
Q

what are the structural characteristics of the tongue?

A

-attached to the hyoid bone
-made of skeletal muscle
-projection of mucosa called papillae (taste buds)

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31
Q

how many pairs of salivary glands are there? what are they called?

A

-3 pairs
-parotid
-submandibular
-sublingual

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32
Q

where are the parotid salivary glands located?

A

-inferior + anterior to ears
-by your molars

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33
Q

where are the submandibular salivary glands located?

A

-floor of the mouth (below the mandible)
-inferior to the sublingual salivary glands

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34
Q

where are the sublingual salivary glands located?

A

-below the tongue on the floor of the mouth
-superior to the submandibular glands

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35
Q

what is saliva made of?

A

-99.5% water
-0.5% solutes (enzymes)

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36
Q

where do your teeth come off of?

A

-maxillae + mandible

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37
Q

what are primary + secondary dentition?

A

-primary = child
-secondary = adult

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38
Q

how many central incisor teeth do children + adults have in each quadrant? total?

A

-both have 1 in each quadrant
-4 in total

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39
Q

how many lateral incisor teeth do children + adults have in each quadrant? total?

A

-both have 1 in each quadrant
-4 in total

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40
Q

how many canine teeth do children + adults have in each quadrant? total?

A

-both have 1 in each quadrant
-4 in total

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41
Q

how many premolar teeth do children + adults have in each quadrant? total?

A

-children = 0
-adult = 2 in each quadrant, 8 total

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42
Q

how many molar teeth do children + adults have in each quadrant? total?

A

-children = 2 in each quadrant, 8 in total
-adult = 3 in each quadrant, 12 in total

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43
Q

what are the total amounts of teeth in children + adults?

A

-children = 20
-adult = 32

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44
Q

what are the structural components of a tooth?

A

-crown
-root
-neck
-periodontal ligaments
-root canal + pulp cavity

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45
Q

what is the crown of a tooth?

A

-above the gums (visible)
-made of dentin with an enamel overlay

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46
Q

what is enamel?

A

-acellular (lacks cells)
-very thin but strong
-highly calcified (HARD)

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47
Q

what differs between enamel, dentin, and cementum with bone?

A

-very similar
-avascular

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48
Q

what is the root of a tooth?

A

-dentin + cementum overlay

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49
Q

what is the neck of the tooth?

A

-enamel + cementum boundary (gums)
-junction of the crown + root

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50
Q

what is the purpose of the periodontal ligaments?

A

-attaches the root to underlying bones

51
Q

what is contained within the root canal and pulp cavity?

A

-CT
-blood + lymph vessels
-nerves

52
Q

what is the lining of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

-only muscularis externa (skeletal muscle) + stratified squamous epithelium

53
Q

what is the purpose of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx in the digestive system?

A

-mode of transportation from the mouth to the esophagus

54
Q

what are the characteristics of the esophagus?

A

-posterior to the trachea
-where the 4 layers of the GI tract begins
-some exceptions to the histology layers

55
Q

what are the exceptions in the histology of the esophagus?

A

-muscularis externa composition
-upper 1/3 = skeletal muscle
-middle 1/3 = skeletal muscle + smooth muscle (transition)
-lower 1/3 = smooth muscle
-has adventitia

56
Q

what tissue makes up the adventitia of the esophagus?

A

-fibrous connective tissue
-no epithelium

57
Q

what is the purpose of the adventitia in the esophagus lining?

A

-prevents movement
-do not want the esophagus to move freely

58
Q

what are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

-cardiac region (cardia
-fundus
-body
-pyloric region (pylorus)

59
Q

what region of the stomach is attached to the esophagus?

A

-cardiac region

60
Q

where is the fundus region of the stomach located?

A

-above the esophageal entrance

61
Q

what is in the pyloric region of the stomach? what is its purpose?

A

-pyloric sphincter
-keeps contents within the stomach

62
Q

what is a main characteristic of the stomach?

A

-has greater and lesser curvatures

63
Q

what is the purpose of the stomach? how does it do this?

A

-convert food into chyme
-using gastric juices
-chyme = food + gastric juice

64
Q

what is special about the stomachs mucosa + submucosa?

A

-invagination (turned inside out) of the epithelium creates gastric glands (exocrine)
-rugae

65
Q

what cells do gastric glands contain?

A

-chief cells
-parietal cells
-G cells (enteroendocrine)
-goblet cells

66
Q

what do chief cells secrete?

A

-pepsinogen
-gastric lipase

67
Q

what do parietal cells secrete?

A

-HCl (acidic, pH of 2)

68
Q

what do G cells (enteroendocrine) secrete?

A

-gastrin (hormone)

69
Q

what are rugae?

A

-ridges caused by the folds on an organs wall linings (muscosa + submucosa)

70
Q

how is rugae created in the stomach? what does it allow for?

A

-created due to contractions of muscularis mucosa
-allows for expansion without tearing

71
Q

what is special about the muscularis externa of the stomach? what is its overall function?

A

-3 layers
-inner oblique
-middle circular
-outer longitudinal
-function = churning of food

72
Q

where does the small intestine extend to?

A

-pyloric sphincter to the ileocaecal valve

73
Q

what are the 3 segments of the small intestine?

A

-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

74
Q

what are the characteristics of the duodenum?

A

-first fold of the intestine
-short
-retroperitoneal
-extra glands that secrete alkaline mucous
-many connections to glands

75
Q

what is the purpose of the alkaline secretion in the duodenum?

A

-protects against the stomach acid

76
Q

what section of the small intestine is the jejunum?

A

-middle section

77
Q

where does the ileum attach ?

A

-the caecum

78
Q

what is the special characteristic of the ileum

A

-has a group of lymph nodules called peyer’s patches

79
Q

what is the purpose of the peyer’s patches in the ileum?

A

-prevents infection of the small intestine
-prevents bacteria from entering the blood

80
Q

what are the specialized characteristics of the small intestine? what is the overall purpose?

A

-plicae circulares
-villi
-microvilli
-the purpose is to increase absorption surface area

81
Q

what are plicae circulares?

A

-circular folds of the submucosa

82
Q

what are villi? what do they contain?

A

-projections of the the mucosa into the lumen of the intestine
-contains blood capillaries + lacteals

83
Q

what are lacteals?

A

-lymph capillaries that can absorb larger fats

84
Q

what are microvilli?

A

-projections of the enterocytes on the free surface
-extend into the lumen

85
Q

what do the enteroendocrine cells in the epithelium of the small intestine secrete?

A

-secretin
-cholecystokinin (CCK)

86
Q

what are the accessory organs of the small intestine?

A

-pancreas
-liver
-gall bladder

87
Q

what retroperitoneal mean?

A

-external/behind to the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity
-peritoneum only lines one side
-anterior = parietal peritoneum
-posterior = adventitia

88
Q

what are the parts of the pancreas? what else does it contain?

A

-head, neck, body, tail
-contains exocrine and endocrine glands

89
Q

what cells are present in the exocrine glands of the pancreas?

A

-acinar cells/acini (most)
-duct cells

90
Q

what do the acinar cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

-digestive enzymes into the ducts

91
Q

what do the duct cells of the pancreas secrete?

A

-alkaline fluid to neutralize stomach acid

92
Q

what creates pancreatic juice?

A

-digestive enzymes + alkaline fluid

93
Q

what cells are present in the endocrine glands of the pancreas?

A

-islets of langerhans (amid acini)

94
Q

what do the islets of langerhans secrete?

A

-insulin
-glucagon

95
Q

what is the purpose of glucagon?

A

-regulates blood sugar

96
Q

how many lobes does the liver have?

A

-4
-right, left (superior)
-quadrate, caudate (inferior)

97
Q

what are the cells in the liver?

A

-hepatocytes

98
Q

what is the purpose of the liver?

A

-filters material from the GI tract (nutrients, toxins) before it goes to the rest of the body
-produces bile

99
Q

what is bile used for?

A

-fat digestion

100
Q

what is the gall bladder? what are its features and purpose?

A

-muscular sac on the surface of the liver
-has rugae + no submucosa (only folds mucosa)
-stores + secretes bile between meals

101
Q

what part of the small intestine do the accessory organs enter?

A

-the duodenum via a series of ducts

102
Q

where does the large intestine extend to?

A

-ileocaecal valve to the anus

103
Q

what differs the large intestine from the small intestine?

A

-no villi or folds
-little absorption

104
Q

what is absorbed in the large intestine?

A

-remaining water

105
Q

what does the large intestine consist of?

A

-caecum
-appendix
-colon
-rectum
-anus

106
Q

what are the parts of the colon?

A

-ascending (right side)
-hepatic flexure
-transverse
-splenic flexure
-descending (left side)
-sigmoid

107
Q

what is a flexure?

A

-a bend or curve

108
Q

what is special about the colon histology?

A

-muscularis externa longitudinal layer is incomplete (in bands) called taeniae coli
-contractions form pouches (haustra)
-epiploic appendages = fat filled pouches with an unknown function

109
Q

does the rectum contain taeniae coli?

A

-no

110
Q

how long is the anal canal?

A

-3cm

111
Q

what are the two anal sphincters? what type of muscle creates them? voluntary or involuntary?

A

-internal (smooth muscle) (involuntary)
-external (skeletal muscle) (voluntary)

112
Q

what is the overall immune function of the intestines?

A

-lymph nodules in mucosa
-peyers patches in ileum

113
Q

what is the overall digestive function of the intestines?

A

-lymph vessels
-most absorbed fats from small intestine enter the lacteals, but some go to the blood

114
Q

what is a portal system?

A

-blood vessels between 2 capillary beds
-blood does not pass through the heart between them

115
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A

-serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
-serosa between organs are sheets of peritoneum layers

116
Q

what are the parts of the serous membrane (peritoneum)?

A

-visceral peritoneum (against organ wall)
-parietal peritoneum (against cavity wall)
-peritoneal cavity (filled with serous fluid)

117
Q

what is the serosa between the organs?

A

-sheet of 2 fused visceral peritoneum layers
-contains blood/lymph vessels + nerves

118
Q

what does the serous membrane form in some areas? what are these called?

A

-forms folds
-greater omentum
-lesser omentum

119
Q

what is the greater omentum?

A

-“fatty apron”
-covers the transverse colon + small intestine
-contains fat

120
Q

what is the purpose of the fat of the greater omentum?

A

-protection
-insulation
-energy reserve (source)

121
Q

where is the lesser omentum?

A

-liver to the stomach

122
Q

what is the mesentery?

A

-double layer of parietal peritoneum
-suspends the small intestine from the cavity wall

123
Q

what is peritonitis?

A

-inflammation of the peritoneum
-caused by a burst of the appendix or wounds

124
Q

what organs are retroperitoneal?

A

-duodenum
-pancreas

Anatomy (29 decks)

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