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Anatomy > Topic 16: Urinary System > Flashcards

Topic 16: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the structures of the urinary system?

A

-2 kidneys
-2 ureters
-1 urinary bladder
-1 urethra

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2
Q

what are the functions of the urinary system?

A

-regulates
-eliminates

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3
Q

what does the urinary system regulate?

A

-blood volume + pressure
-pH (H+ and HCO3-)
-ion concentrations (Na+, Ca++, K+, Cl-)
-secretion of renal hormones

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4
Q

how does the urinary system regulate blood volume + pressure?

A

-more fluid=more pressure
-releases more fluids to regulate

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5
Q

what wastes does the urinary system eliminate?

A

-urea (waste)
-uric acid (waste)
-hormones
-drugs (antibiotics)
-toxins

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6
Q

what are the characteristics of the kidenys?

A

-retroperitoneal
-right is lower than the left
-supported + protected by 3 layers of CT

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7
Q

what are the 3 supporting CT layers of the kidney?

A

-fibrous capsule (outer)
-perirenal fat capsule (middle)
-renal fascia (inner)

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8
Q

what is the renal hilus?

A

-also called the hilum
-medial indentation
-entry point of multiple things

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9
Q

what is the renal hilus the entry point of?

A

-renal artery (superior)
-renal vein (inferior)
-ureter
-nerves

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10
Q

what is the internal anatomy of the kidneys?

A

-renal cortex (superficial)
-renal medulla
-renal pelvis

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11
Q

what is contained in the renal medulla?

A

-renal pyramids
-renal columns

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12
Q

what are the renal pyramids?

A

-contain parts of nephrons
-apex of the pyramid = renal papilla (to release filtrate)

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13
Q

what is the renal cortex?

A

-superficial layer
-contains parts of nephrons
-contains afferent and efferent arterioles
-contains capillary beds (glomeruli)

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14
Q

what are the renal columns?

A

-projections of the cortex into the medulla
-separate renal pyramids
-contain arteries, veins, and nerves that supply the cortex

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15
Q

what is a nephron? what is it composed of?

A

-functional unit of the kidney
-composed of the renal corpuscle and renal tubules

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16
Q

what is the renal corpuscle?

A

-in the cortex
-site of blood filtration
-is formed by the glomerulus, glomerular (bowman’s) capsule, afferent and efferent arterioles, and the filtration membrane

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17
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

-capillary bed
-very leaky capillaries
-simple squamous (endothelium) with many pores (fenestrations) between cells

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18
Q

what is the glomerular (bowman’s) capsule?

A

-surrounds the glomerulus
-collects filtrate from the glomerulus
-has an outer and inner layer

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19
Q

what is the outer layer of the bowman’s capsule? why?

A

-simple squamous epithelium

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20
Q

what is the inner layer of the bowman’s capsule?

A

-cells called podocytes that wrap around glomerular capillaries

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21
Q

what are podocytes?

A

-cells that have many finger-like projections
-form a network of filtration slits

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22
Q

what is the filtration membrane?

A

-glomerular endothelium (capillaries)
-shared basement membrane (between the other 2)
-podocytes

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23
Q

what are the four parts of the renal tubule

A

-proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
-nephron loop
-Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
-Collecting Ducts

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24
Q

where is the PCT located? what type of tissue is it composed of? what is its function?

A

-in the cortex
-cuboidal epithelium with dense microvilli
-receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule
-reabsorbs most useful substances from the filtrate (glucose + amino acids)
-secretes waste products into the filtrate

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25
Q

where is the nephron loop located? what forms it?

A

-in the medulla
-descending limb (thin, simple squamous epithelium)
-ascending limb (thick, simple cuboidal epithelium)

26
Q

where is the DCT located? what tissue forms it?

A

-in the cortex
-cuboidal epithelium

27
Q

where are the collecting ducts located? what is their purpose?

A

-in the cortex + medulla
-drains filtrate from numerous nephrons into minor calyces
-contains cells that regulate water and Na+ reabsorption and acid/base balance of the blood

28
Q

what are the 2 types of nephrons?

A

-cortical (majority)
-juxtamedullary (small amount)

29
Q

what is special about cortical nephrons?

A

-renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface in the cortex
-short nephron loop (dips in the outer medulla)
-has peritubular capillaries that branch from the efferent arteriole and surround the DCT + PCT

29
Q

what is the purpose of the juxtaglomerular complex?

A

-regulates filtrate formation (amount of salts + ions being removed)
-point of contact between the ascending limb, afferent + efferent arterioles at the renal corpuscle of the same nephron

29
Q

what is special about juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

-renal corpuscles in the cortex near the medulla
-long nephron loops
-loops penetrate deep in the medulla
-has capillaries called vasa recta that branch from efferent arterioles and run parallel to the nephron loop

30
Q

what are the two parts of the juxtaglomerular complex?

A

-tubular portion (macula densa)
-vascular (arteriolar) portion

31
Q

what is the tubular portion of the juxtaglomerular complex?

A

-modified (tall + narrow) DCT cells
-monitors filtrate composition

32
Q

what is the vascular (arteriolar) portion of the juxtaglomerular complex?

A

-afferent + efferent arteriole portion
-granular (juxtaglomerular cells)
-modified smooth muscle cells that monitor blood pressure
-secrete an enzyme/hormone that helps to regulate blood pressure and ion balance

33
Q

what are retroperitoneal parts of the urinary system?

A

-kidneys
-ureters
-urinary bladder

34
Q

what type of epithelium is the mucosa of the ureters?

A

-transitional epithelium (stretching)

35
Q

do the ureters have a submucosa layer?

A

-no
-lamina propria is connected directly to the muscularis externa

36
Q

what is the muscularis externa layer of the ureters?

A

-smooth muscle
-amount is dependent on location

37
Q

do the ureters have an adventitia or a serosa?

A

-adventitia
-retroperitoneal
-connects ureter to the body wall

38
Q

what type of epithelium is the mucosa layer of the urinary bladder?

A

-transitional epithelium with rugae (for stretching)

39
Q

does the urinary bladder have a submucosa layer?

A

-no submucosa
-lamina propria is directly connected to the muscularis externa

40
Q

what is the muscle called in the muscularis externa layer of the urinary bladder? what does the contraction of this muscle cause?

A

-detrusor muscle (smooth muscle)
-contraction causes urination

41
Q

does the urinary bladder have serosa or adventitia?

A

-mostly adventitia
-serosa covers the superior surface

42
Q

what are the 2 sphincters of the urethra? what do they surround?

A

-internal urethral sphincter
-external urethral sphincter
-the proximal end of the urethra

43
Q

what is the internal urethral sphincter?

A

-thickening of detrusor muscle at the base of the bladder
-smooth muscle (involuntary)

44
Q

what is the external urethral sphincter?

A

-in the urogenital diaphragm
-skeletal muscle (voluntary)

45
Q

what does the urethra transport in females?

A

-transports urine

46
Q

what does the urethra transport in males?

A

-transports urine + semen

47
Q

how does the glomerular endothelium create the filtration membrane?

A

-fenestrations allow plasma through, but not formed elements or most large proteins

48
Q

what is the role of the efferent arteriole in the nephron?

A

-exits the glomerulus
-drains into the peritubular (cortical nephrons)
-drains into the vasa recta (juxtaglomerular nephrons)

49
Q

what is the role of the afferent arteriole in the nephron?

A

-enters the glomerulus
-carries blood delivered to the kidney from the renal artery

50
Q

which parts of the nephron loop are water permeable/impermeable?

A

-descending = water permeable
-ascending = water impermeable

51
Q

what do the long nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons allow for?

A

-allows for different concentrations of urine depending on the need
-ex: conserving water for blood pressure and volume

52
Q

what is the purpose of the ureters?

A

-transports urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder

53
Q

what are the 3 histology layers of the ureters?

A

-mucosa
-muscularis externa
-adventitia

54
Q

what is the purpose of the urinary bladder?

A

-short term storage for urine

55
Q

what are the 3 histology layers of the urinary bladder?

A

-mucosa
-muscularis externa
-adventitia/serosa

56
Q

what is the purpose of the urethra?

A

-drains urine from the urinary bladder

57
Q

what are the 3 histology layers of the urethra?

A

-mucosa
-muscularis externa (smooth muscle)
-adventitia

58
Q

what is the mucosa of the urethra?

A

-transitions from transition epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium

59
Q

what is the filtrate/urine pathway?

A

-several DCT
-collecting ducts (exit at the renal papilla)
-minor calyx
-major calyx
-renal pelvis
-ureter
-urinary bladder
-urethra

Anatomy (29 decks)

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