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Anatomy > Topic 16: Urinary System > Flashcards

Topic 16: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the structures of the urinary system?

A

-2 kidneys
-2 ureters
-1 urinary bladder
-1 urethra

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2
Q

what are the functions of the urinary system?

A

-regulates
-eliminates wastes

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3
Q

what does the urinary system regulate?

A

-blood volume + pressure
-pH
-ion concentrations

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4
Q

how does the urinary system regulate blood volume + pressure?

A

-more fluid=more pressure
-releases more fluids to regulate

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5
Q

what wastes does the urinary system eliminate?

A

-urea
-uric acid
-hormones
-drugs

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6
Q

relatively how big is a kidney?

A

-size of a bar of soap

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7
Q

why is the right kidney lower than the left?

A

-the liver pushes the right kidney downwards

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of the kidenys?

A

-retroperitoneal (do not want moving around)
-large blood vessels associated (needs lots of blood flow)
-supported + protected by 3 layers of CT

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9
Q

what are the 3 supporting layers of the kidney?

A

-fibrous capsule
-perirenal fat capsule
-renal fascia

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the fibrous capsule of the kidney?

A

-prevents infection from reaching the kidney

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11
Q

what can happen to the kidney if the perirenal fat layer is lacking?

A

-the kidneys can move around

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12
Q

what is the purpose of the renal fascia?

A

-anchor everything together

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13
Q

what is the renal hilus?

A

-also called the hilum
-medial indentation
-entry point of multiple things

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14
Q

what is the renal hilus the entry point of?

A

-renal artery (superior)
-renal vein (inferior)
-ureter (brings stuff away)
-nerves

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15
Q

what is the internal anatomy of the kidneys?

A

-renal cortex (superficial)
-renal medulla (deep)

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16
Q

what is contained in the renal medulla?

A

-renal pyramids
-renal columns

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17
Q

what are the renal pyramids?

A

-exit points for the collecting ducts (renal papilla)
-apex of the pyramid = renal papilla

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18
Q

what are the renal papilla?

A

-large ducts

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19
Q

where is urine formed?

A

-in the renal cortex
-in the renal pyramids (NOT IN PAPILLA)

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20
Q

what are the renal columns?

A

-separate pyramids
-contain blood vessels

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21
Q

what is special about the blood vessels in the renal columns?

A

-lots of branching in order to bring everything to the site of filtration

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22
Q

what is a nephron? what is it composed of?

A

-functional unit of the kidney
-composed of the renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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23
Q

what is the renal corpuscle?

A

-in the cortex
-site of blood filtration
-is formed by the glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, and filtration membrane

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24
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

-capillary bed
-very leaky capillaries
-simple squamous with large pores (fenestrations)

25
Q

what is the bowman’s capsule?

A

-surrounds the glomerulus
-collects filtrate from the glomerulus
-has an outer and inner layer

26
Q

what is the outer layer of the bowman’s capsule? why?

A

-simple squamous epithelium
-no room for it to be stratified, it is a very small area

27
Q

what is the inner layer of the bowman’s capsule?

A

-podocytes

28
Q

what are podocytes?

A

-simple epithelial projections that cling to the glomerulus
-wrap around the capillaries to capture leakage

29
Q

what is the filtration membrane?

A

-glomerular endothelium (capillaries)
-basement membrane
-podocytes

30
Q

what are the four parts of the renal tubule

A

-proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
-Loop of Henle
-Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
-Collecting Ducts

31
Q

where is the PCT located?

A

-in the cortex

32
Q

what makes the loop of henle? where is it located?

A

-descending + ascending limbs
-in the medulla

33
Q

where is the DCT located?

A

-in the cortex

34
Q

where are the collecting ducts located? what is their purpose?

A

-in the cortex + medulla
-connect the nephron to the ureter via calyces (cup projections) in the renal pelvis

35
Q

what are the 2 types of nephrons?

A

-cortical (85%)
-juxtamedullary (15%)

36
Q

what is special about cortical nephrons?

A

-renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface in the cortex
-short loop of henle in the outer medulla only

36
Q

what is the purpose of the juxtaglomerular complex?

A

-regulates filtrate formation (amount of salts + ions being removed)
-point of contact between the ascending limb, afferent + efferent arterioles at the renal corpuscle of the same nephron

36
Q

what is special about juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

-renal corpuscles in the cortex near the medulla
-long loops of henle
-loops penetrate deep in the medulla (inner part)
-allow for concentration of urine depending on the need

37
Q

what are the two parts of the juxtaglomerular complex?

A

-tubular portion
-arteriolar portion

38
Q

what is the tubular portion of the juxtaglomerular complex?

A

-modified (tall + narrow) ascending loop cells
-called macula densa cells
-respond to salts

39
Q

what is the arteriolar portion of the juxtaglomerular complex?

A

-afferent + efferent arteriole portion
-granular juxtaglomerular cells
-cells monitor blood pressure
-contain renin (enzyme + hormone)

40
Q

what are retroperitoneal parts of the urinary system?

A

-kidneys
-ureters

41
Q

what type of epithelium is the mucosa of the ureters?

A

-transitional epithelium

42
Q

do the ureters have a submucosa layer?

A

-no
-lamina propria is connected directly to the muscularis externa

43
Q

what is the muscularis externa layer of the ureters? how many layers approx.?

A

-smooth muscle
-3 layers approximately

44
Q

do the ureters have an adventitia or a serosa?

A

-adventitia
-retroperitoneal

45
Q

what type of epithelium is the mucosa layer of the urinary bladder? how is it different from the ureters?

A

-transitional epithelium
-rugae

46
Q

does the urinary bladder have a submucosa layer?

A

-no submucosa
-lamina propria is directly connected to the muscularis externa

47
Q

what is the muscle called in the muscularis externa layer of the urinary bladder? how many layers approx.?

A

-detrusor muscle (smooth muscle)
-approx. 3 layers

48
Q

does the urinary bladder have serosa or adventitia as its last layer?

A

-adventitia = anterior, posterior, inferior
-serosa = superior

49
Q

what is internally contained in the urinary bladder?

A

-triangle of 2 ureters (posterior) + urethra opening = trigone

50
Q

what is a trigone?

A

-triangular area

51
Q

what does the mucosa of the trigone lack? why is this?

A

-lacks rugae (smooth
-allows for the openings to remain in a fixed position

52
Q

what is the type of epithelium in theb mucosa layer of the urethra?

A

-goes through many changes
-goes from transitional to stratified squamous

53
Q

what are the 2 sphincters of the urethra?

A

-internal urethral sphincter
-external urethral sphincter

54
Q

what is the internal urethral sphincter?

A

-thickening of detrusor muscle at the base of the bladder
-involuntary

55
Q

what is the external urethral sphincter?

A

-in the urogenital diaphragm
-skeletal muscle (voluntary)

56
Q

what does the urethra transport in females?

A

-transports urine

57
Q

what does the urethra transport in males?

A

-transports urine + semen

Anatomy (29 decks)

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