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Anatomy > Topic 17: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Topic 17: Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main structures of the reproductive system?

A

-gonads (testes/ovaries)
-ducts
-accessory glands

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2
Q

what is the purpose of ducts within the reprodictive system?

A

-to transport + store gametes

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3
Q

what is the purpose of accessory glands within the reproductive system?

A

-to produce secretions that will support the gametes

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4
Q

where are the male gonads (testes) located? what surrounds them?

A

-located within the scrotum (skin + CT)
-surrounded by 2 tunics
-tunica vaginalis
-tunica albuginea

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5
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis?

A

-outer serous membrane
-derived from the peritoneum

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6
Q

what is the tunica albuginea?

A

-inner fibrous CT capsule
-extends inward to divide testis into lobules

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7
Q

what does each lobule contain?

A

-seminiferous tubules
-leydig cells (interstitial cells)

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8
Q

what are seminiferous tubules purpose? what do they form?

A

-produce sperm (spermatogenesis)
-unite to form rete testis (network of testis)

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9
Q

what cells are contained in the walls of the seminiferous tubules?

A

-germ cells (various stages of development)
-sertoli cells (sustentocytes)

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10
Q

what is the purpose of sertoli cells? where do they extend?

A

-surround developing gametes
-support + nourish germ cells
-produce testicular fluid
-respond to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
-extend from the basement membrane to the lumen

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11
Q

what type of junctions are present in sertoli cells?

A

-tight junctions
-form the blood-testis barrier
-protects sperm from the immune system, toxins, drugs, etc

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12
Q

what is the purpose of setoli cells producing a testicular fluid?

A

-for transport within the lumen

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13
Q

what are leydig cells? what is their purpose?

A

-in CT between seminiferous tubules
-secrete testosterone

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14
Q

where are ducts located within the male reproductive system?

A

-the seminiferous tubules to rete testis, and then to a system of ducts

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15
Q

what is the epididymis? what is its purpose?

A

-posterior border of the testis (posterior = majority, some superior + inferior)
-store sperm
-where sperm develop the ability to swim (mature)

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16
Q

where does the vas deferens (ductus) enter?

A

-the pelvic cavity
-loops over the posterior bladder

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17
Q

what is a vasectomy?

A

-vas deferens is cut and tied off

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18
Q

what does the spermatic cord contain?

A

-the vas deferens
-nerves
-blood
-lymphatic vessels
-muscle

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19
Q

what forms the ejactlatory duct?

A

-the union of the vas deferens + a duct from the seminal vesicle

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20
Q

what are the 3 regions of the urethra in males?

A

-prostatic
-membranous
-penile (spongy)

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21
Q

where is the prostatic urethra located?

A

-through the prostate

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22
Q

where is the membranous urethra located?

A

-through the urogenital diaphragm

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23
Q

where is the penile/spongy urethra located?

A

-through the corpus spongiosum of the penis

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24
Q

where does the penile urethra open?

A

-the glans penis (enlarged tip)

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25
Q

what are the 3 parts of the penis?

A

-root
-body (shaft)
-glans penis (enlarged tip)

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26
Q

what are the 3 bodies of erectile tissue of the penis?

A

-blood sinuses bound by these 3 CT layers
-2 corpora cavernosa
-1 corpus spongiosum

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27
Q

what portion is the corpora cavernosa?

A

-dorsal (penis is erect) portion of the root + shaft

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28
Q

what portion is the corpus spongiosum?

A

-the glans + midventral portion of the root + shaft
-surrounds the urethra

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29
Q

what are the accessory glands that make up 95% of semen?

A

-seminal vesicles
-prostate gland
-bulbourethral (cowper’s gland)

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30
Q

what are the seminal vesicles?

A

-posterior to the bladder
-secrete an alkaline fluid that contains fructose to nourish the sperm
-60% of semen
-have 2

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31
Q

what is the prostate gland?

A

-inferior to the bladder + encircles the prostatic urethra
-secretes a milky acidic fluid to nourish sperm
-30% of semen
-have 1

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32
Q

what are the bulbourethral (cowper’s glands)

A

-below the prostate in the urogenital diaphragm
-in contact with the external urethral sphincter
-secretes a thick alkaline mucus to neutralize acidic urine in urethra + lubricate
-5% of semen
-have 2

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33
Q

when is the fluid in the cowper’s glands released?

A

-prior to ejaculation
-pre-cum!

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34
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

-production of sperm within the seminiferous tubules
-includes the process of SPERMIOGENESIS

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35
Q

what is spermiogenesis?

A

-differentiation of spermatids to form spermatozoa
-develop flagella + acrosomes (membranous covering)
-lose most of their cytoplasm

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36
Q

what are the parts of a spermatozoa?

A

-head
-body (midpiece)
-tail (flagellum)

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37
Q

what are the characteristics of the head of a spermatozoa?

A

-nucleus (23 chromosomes (n) )
-largest portion
-on top of the nucleus is the acrosome

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38
Q

what does the acrosome contain?

A

-digestive enzymes to penetrate the oocyte

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39
Q

what are the characteristics of the body of the spermatozoa?

A

-large # of mitochondria
-produce ATP for movement

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40
Q

what are the characteristics of the tail of the spermatozoa?

A

-propels sperm
-made of microtubules

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41
Q

what forms semen?

A

-sperm
-testicular fluid
-accessory gland secretions

42
Q

how much semen is released at ejactulation?

A

-2mL-5mL
-contains 20-150 million sperm per mL

43
Q

what are the characteristics of semen?

A

-pH of 7.2-7.6 (slightly alkaline)
-fluids + secretions provide sperm with a transportation medium, nutrients, and protection

44
Q

where are the female gonads (ovaries) located?

A

-in the pelvic cavity on the lateral sides of the uterus

45
Q

what are the 4 layers of the ovaries?

A

-superficial/germinal epithelium
-tunica albuginea (CT)
-ovarian cortex
-ovarian medulla

46
Q

what is the ovarian cortex layer?

A

-outer layer
-contains ovarian follicles + CT

47
Q

what are the ovarian follicles?

A

-layer(s) of cells surrounding the immature egg
-they support + protect

48
Q

what does the ovarian medulla contain?

A

-blood + lymph vessels
-nerves
-CT

49
Q

what holds the ovaries in place?

A

-ovarian ligament
-suspensory ligament
-mesovarium

50
Q

what forms the broad ligament?

A

-suspensory ligament + mesovarium
-part of the parietal peritoneum

51
Q

do the uterine tubes have a direct connection to the ovaries?

A

-no
-has fimbriae which are the indirect connection

52
Q

what are the 3 sections of the uterine tubes?

A

-infundibulum
-ampulla
-isthmus

53
Q

what is the infundibulum section of the uterine tubes?

A

-suspended over the ovary
-has fimbriae (fingerlike protection) that are the indirect connection to the ovaries

54
Q

what occurs in the ampulla section of the uterine tubes?

A

-fertilization

55
Q

what does the isthmus section of the uterine tubes connect to?

A

-the uterus

56
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterine tubes?

A

-mucosa
-muscularis externa
-serosa

57
Q

what is the mucosa layer of the uterine tubes?

A

-simple columnar epithelium with cilia or microvilli
-secretes nutrient fluid to nourish the egg
-cillia or microvilli move the oocyte or cell mass along

58
Q

what is the muscularis externa layer of the uterine tubes?

A

-smooth muscle for movement

59
Q

what is the serosa layer of the uterine tubes?

A

-visceral peritoneum

60
Q

what is the uterus?

A

-a hollow organ where development occurs

61
Q

what are the 3 parts of the uterus?

A

-fundus
-body
-cervix

62
Q

where is the fundus of the uterus located?

A

-above the level of the uterine tubes

63
Q

what is the body of the uterus?

A

-main portion
-space within = uterine cavity

64
Q

what is the cervix of the uterus?

A

-inferior narrow portion that opens into the vagina

65
Q

what are the supportive attachment membranes of the uterus?

A

-broad ligaments
-round ligaments
-uterosacral ligaments

66
Q

what are broad ligaments?

A

-folds of the peritoneum

67
Q

what are round ligaments?

A

-fibrous connective tissue
-attach to the anterior wall

68
Q

what are uterosacral ligaments?

A

-peritoneum extensions
-attach to the sacrum

69
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

-perimetrium
-myometrium
-endometrium

70
Q

what is the peritmetriujm?

A

-outer layer
-visceral peritoneum

71
Q

what is the myometrium?

A

-3 layers of smooth muscle

72
Q

what is the endometrium?

A

-mucous membrane
-contains endometrial glands to secrete a nutritive fluid
-2 layers

73
Q

what are the 2 layers of the endometrium?

A

-stratum functionalis
-sratum basalis

74
Q

what is the stratum functionalis?

A

-faces the uterine cavity
-sheds monthly for menstruation

75
Q

what is the stratum basalis?

A

-permanent
-undergoes mitosis to replace the functionalis

76
Q

what is the vagina?

A

-birth canal
-passageway for sperm + menstrual flow

77
Q

what are the 3 layers of the vagina?

A

-mucosa
-muscularis externa
-adventitia

78
Q

what is the mucosa of the vagina?

A

-stratified squamous epithelium (friction)
-has rugae to prevent tearing + stimulate the penis

79
Q

what is the muscularis externa of the vagina?

A

-2 layers of smooth muscle

80
Q

what is the adventitia of the vagina?

A

-fibroelastic CT
-no serosa, adventitia to hold in place

81
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

-gamete production within the ovarian follicles

82
Q

what will a primary oocyte form at the end of its development/division?

A

-forms 1 ovum
-2 or 3 polar bodies

83
Q

what are polar bodies?

A

-discarded nuclear material

84
Q

what cells divide by mitosis to differentiate and form primary oocytes?

A

-oogonia (2n)
-7 million in a 6 month fetus
-none at birth

85
Q

how many primary oocytes are in the ovaries at birth? st puberty?

A

-1 million at birth
-enter meiosis I, but get arrested in prophase I
-400,000 at puberty
-LH hormone stimulates the completion of meiosis I

86
Q

what happens to the secondary oocyte?

A

-begins meiosis II, but arrests in metaphase II
-ovulates usually once a month
-approx. 500 ovulated from puberty to menopause

87
Q

what are the follicle stages?

A

-primordial follicle
-primary follicle
-secondary follicle
-vesicular follicle
-corpus luteum
-corpus albicans

88
Q

what is the primordial follicle?

A

-in the ovary at birth
-primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells

89
Q

what is the primary follicle?

A

-single layer of follicular cells becomes cuboidal
-now called granulosa cells
-theca cells form from surrounding tissue
-stage can be reached anytime between birth + menopause

90
Q

what do granulosa cells in the follicle do?

A

-proliferate (become stratified)
-secrete zona pellucida around the oocyte

91
Q

what is the secondary follicle?

A

-granulosa cells begin to proliferate more + secrete fluid which accumulates between cells
-this is due to the rising FSH
-estrogen secretion begins
-ovarian cycles begin

92
Q

what is the vesicular follicle?

A

-on the surface of ovary
-fluid filled spaces unite into a single large antrum (cave) (prep for ovulation)
-estrogen is still secreted

93
Q

what are the granulosa cells that still surround the oocyte in the vesicular follicle stage called?

A

-corona radiata

94
Q

what does estrogen trigger the release of? what does this release induce?

A

-release of luteinizing hormone (LH)
-meiosis I is completed and meiosis II begins, but arrests in metaphase II
-ovulation

95
Q

what is ovulation?

A

-release of the secondary oocyte from the follicle into the peritoneal cavity

96
Q

what is the corpus luteum?

A

-follicle that remains after ovulation
-produces high levels of estrogen + progesterone
-if no pregnancy occurs, degenerates into the corpus albicans

97
Q

what is the purpose of the high levels of estrogen + progesterone in the corpus luteum?

A

-supports fetal development

98
Q

what is the corpus albicans?

A

-scar tissue
-no more hormones are released

99
Q

what are mammary glands?

A

-modified sweat glands
-1 per breast
-have small compartments = lobules
-surrounded by fat
-attached to deep fascia (epimysium of the muscle) by suspensory ligaments

100
Q

what do the mammary glands produce?

A

-milk

101
Q

what do the lobules of the mammary glands contain?

A

-glands = alveoli
-these glands open from a duct at the nipple

Anatomy (29 decks)

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