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Anatomy > Topic 17: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Topic 17: Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main structures of the reproductive system?

A

-gonads (testes/ovaries)
-ducts
-accessory glands

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2
Q

what is the purpose of ducts within the reproductive system?

A

-to transport + store gametes

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3
Q

what is the purpose of accessory glands within the reproductive system?

A

-to produce secretions that will support the gametes

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4
Q

where are the male gonads (testes) located? what surrounds them?

A

-located within the scrotum (skin + CT)
-surrounded by 2 tunics
-tunica vaginalis
-tunica albuginea

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5
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis?

A

-outer serous membrane
-derived from the peritoneum

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6
Q

what is the tunica albuginea (male)?

A

-inner fibrous CT capsule
-extends inward to divide testis into lobules

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7
Q

what does each lobule contain?

A

-seminiferous tubules
-leydig cells (interstitial endocrine cells)

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8
Q

what are seminiferous tubules purpose? what do they form?

A

-produce sperm (spermatogenesis)
-unite to form rete testis (network of testis) on the posterior side

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9
Q

what cells are contained in the walls of the seminiferous tubules?

A

-spermatogenic cells
-sustentocytes (nurse) cells

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the sustentocytes cells? where do they extend?

A

-surround, nourish, and protect developing gametes
-produce testicular fluid
-extend from the basement membrane to the lumen

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11
Q

what type of junctions are present in sustentocyte cells? what do these form? what is the purpose of this?

A

-tight junctions
-form the blood-testis barrier
-protects sperm from the immune system (not recognized as self), toxins, and drugs

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12
Q

what is the purpose of sustentocyte cells producing testicular fluid?

A

-for sperm transport within the tubule lumen

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13
Q

where are leydig cells located? what is their purpose?

A

-in CT between seminiferous tubules
-secrete testosterone

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14
Q

what is the pathway of sperm into the series of ducts located within the male reproductive system?

A

-from the seminiferous tubules to the retes testis

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15
Q

what is the epididymis? what is its purpose?

A

-posterior border of the testis
-store sperm
-where sperm develop the ability to swim (mature)

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16
Q

where does the vas deferens (ductus) enter?

A

-the anterior pelvic cavity
-loops over the posterior wall of the bladder

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17
Q

what are the ducts within the male reproductive system?

A

-epididymis
-vas (ductus) deferens
-ejaculatory duct
-urethra

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18
Q

what does the spermatic cord carry?

A

-vas (ductus) deferens
-nerves
-blood supply
-lymphatic vessels
-carries them through the body wall

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19
Q

what forms the ejactlatory duct?

A

-the union of the vas deferens + a duct from the seminal vesicle

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20
Q

what are the 3 regions of the urethra in males?

A

-prostatic urethra
-intermediate (membranous) urethra
-spongy (penile) urethra

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21
Q

where is the prostatic urethra located?

A

-through the prostate gland

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22
Q

where is the intermediate (membranous) urethra located?

A

-through the urogenital diaphragm (muscular floor of the pelvis)

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23
Q

where is the spongy (penile) urethra located?

A

-through the corpus spongiosum of the penis

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24
Q

where does the penile urethra open?

A

-the glans penis (enlarged tip)
-opening is the external urethral orifice

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25
Q

what are the 3 parts of the penis?

A

-root
-body (shaft)
-glans penis (enlarged tip)

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26
Q

what are the 3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue of the penis?

A

-blood sinuses bound by CT layers
-2 corpora cavernosa
-1 corpus spongiosum

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27
Q

what portion is the corpora cavernosa?

A

-dorsal/posterior portion (erect)
-most of the root + shaft

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28
Q

what portion is the corpus spongiosum?

A

-midventral/anterior portion (erect)
-surrounds the urethra
-forms the glans penis

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29
Q

what are the accessory glands that make up 95% of semen?

A

-seminal vesicles (2)
-prostate gland (1)
-bulbourethral (2)

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30
Q

what are the seminal vesicles?

A

-posterior to the bladder
-secrete a fluid that provides sperm with a source of nutrients
-majority of semen

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31
Q

what is the prostate gland?

A

-inferior to the bladder + encircles the prostatic urethra
-secretes a fluid that nourishes and activates sperm motility
-medium contribution of semen

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32
Q

what are the bulbourethral glands?

A

-below the prostate in the urogenital diaphragm
-in contact with the external urethral sphincter
-secretes a thick mucus to lubricate the urethra and glans penis
-small contribution of semen

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33
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

-production of sperm within the seminiferous tubules
-includes the process of SPERMIOGENESIS

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34
Q

what is spermiogenesis?

A

-differentiation of spermatids into sperm
-develop flagella + acrosomes
-lose most cytoplasm

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35
Q

what are the parts of a spermatozoa?

A

-head
-body (midpiece)
-tail (flagellum)

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36
Q

what are the characteristics of the head of a spermatozoa?

A

-nucleus (23 chromosomes (n) )
-largest portion
-top of the nucleus is covered by the acrosome

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37
Q

what is the acrosome?

A

-modified lysosome
-contains enzymes to penetrate the secondary oocyte

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38
Q

what are the characteristics of the body of the spermatozoa?

A

-large # of mitochondria
-produce ATP for movement of flagellum

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39
Q

what are the characteristics of the tail of the spermatozoa?

A

-propels sperm
-made of microtubules

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40
Q

what forms semen?

A

-sperm + testicular fluid (5%)
-accessory gland secretions (95%)

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41
Q

how much semen is released at ejactulation?

A

-2mL-5mL
-contains 20-150 million sperm per mL

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42
Q

what are the characteristics of semen?

A

-pH of 7.2-7.6 (slightly alkaline)
-provides sperm with a transportation medium, nutrients, and protection

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43
Q

where are the female gonads (ovaries) located?

A

-in the pelvic cavity on the lateral sides of the uterus
-connected to the body wall

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44
Q

what are the 4 histology layers of the ovaries?

A

-surface (germinal) epithelium
-tunica albuginea (CT)
-ovarian cortex
-ovarian medulla

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45
Q

what is contained within the ovarian cortex layer?

A

-contains ovarian follicles + CT (support)

46
Q

what are the ovarian follicles?

A

-layer(s) of cells surrounding each developing oocyte
-supports + protects through development

47
Q

what does the ovarian medulla contain?

A

-blood + lymph vessels
-nerves
-CT (support)

48
Q

what connects the ovaries to the body wall?

A

-ligaments continuous with the peritoneum

49
Q

what type of cells form the surface (germinal) epithelium?

A

-layer of cuboidal cells
-modified visceral peritoneum lacking CT

50
Q

do the uterine tubes have a direct connection to the ovaries?

A

-no
-has fimbriae which are the indirect connection that help capture and move the oocyte into the uterine tube

51
Q

what are the 3 sections of the uterine tubes?

A

-infundibulum
-ampulla (middle)
-isthmus

52
Q

what is the infundibulum section of the uterine tubes?

A

-suspended over the ovary
-has fimbriae (fingerlike protection) that cover the ovary during ovulation
-opening of the uterine tube into the peritoneal cavity

53
Q

what occurs in the ampulla section of the uterine tubes?

A

-fertilization

54
Q

what does the isthmus section of the uterine tubes connect to?

A

-the uterus

55
Q

what are the 3 histology layers of the uterine tubes?

A

-mucosa
-muscularis externa
-serosa

56
Q

what is the mucosa layer of the uterine tubes?

A

-simple columnar epithelium with ciliated cells or non ciliated secretory cells with microvilli

57
Q

what is the muscularis externa layer of the uterine tubes?

A

-smooth muscle for movement of the oocyte/cell mass along the tube

58
Q

what is the serosa layer of the uterine tubes?

A

-visceral peritoneum

59
Q

what is the uterus?

A

-a hollow muscular organ where development occurs
-located superior to the bladder

60
Q

what are the 3 parts of the uterus?

A

-fundus
-body
-cervix

61
Q

where is the fundus of the uterus located?

A

-superior to the isthmus of the uterine tubes

62
Q

what is the body of the uterus?

A

-main portion
-space within = uterine cavity
-site where most embryo implantation and growth occur

63
Q

what is the cervix of the uterus?

A

-inferior narrow passageway that opens into the vagina

64
Q

what are the 3 histology layers of the uterus?

A

-perimetrium (serosa)
-myometrium (muscularis externa)
-endometrium

65
Q

what is the perimetrium?

A

-outer layer
-visceral peritoneum

66
Q

what is the myometrium?

A

-smooth muscle

67
Q

what is the endometrium?

A

-mucous membrane of simple columnar epithelium
-lines the inner surface
-specialized lamina propria with 2 highly vascularized layers

68
Q

what are the 2 highly vascularized layers of the endometrium?

A

-stratum functionalis (functional layer)
-stratum basalis (basal layer)

69
Q

what is the stratum functionalis?

A

-superficial layer
-develops at puberty and sheds monthly (menstruation) along with the simple columnar epithelium
-contains endometrial glands (epithelial tissue)

70
Q

what is the stratum basalis?

A

-permanent layer attached to the myometrium
-undergoes mitosis to replace the stratum functionalis and the simple columnar epithelium

71
Q

what is the vagina?

A

-birth canal
-connects the uterus to external genitalia
-female copulation organ

72
Q

what are the 3 histology layers of the vagina?

A

-mucosa
-muscularis externa
-adventitia

73
Q

what is the mucosa of the vagina?

A

-thick stratified squamous epithelium (abrasion)
-has rugae to prevent tearing (expansion)

74
Q

what is the muscularis externa of the vagina?

A

-smooth muscle

75
Q

what is the adventitia of the vagina?

A

-fibroelastic CT
-adventitia to hold in place (no movement)

76
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

-gamete production within the ovarian follicles

77
Q

what are the follicle stages?

A

-primordial follicle
-primary follicle
-secondary follicle
-vesicular (antral) follicle
-vesicular (antral) follicle
-preovulatory (graafian) follicle
-corpus luteum
-corpus albicans

78
Q

what are spermatogenic cells?

A

-germ cells in various stages of development
-become the sperm

79
Q

what is the purpose of the vas (ductus) deferens?

A

-transports sperm from the epididymis during ejaculation
-part of the spermatic cord

80
Q

what is the function of the penis?

A

-urinary and copulatory organ

81
Q

what is the purpose of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

A

-contribute to secretions during sexual arousal

82
Q

what is the process of spermatogenesis?

A

-type A spermatogonia (2n) go through mitosis to form type B spermatogonia (2n)
-type A spermatogonia remain at the basal lamina
-type B spermatogonia (2n) go through growth and mitosis to form 2 primary spermatocytes (2n)
-2 primary spermatocytes (2n) go through meiosis I to form 4 secondary spermatocytes (n)
-4 secondary spermatocytes (n) go through meiosis II to form 8 spermatids (n)
-8 spermatids (n) go through spermiogenesis to form 8 spermatozoa (n)

83
Q

what is the tunica albuginea (female)

A

-dense connective tissue

84
Q

what is the purpose of the ciliated cells within the mucosa of the uterine tubes?

A

-help move the oocyte/zygote/morula along the tube

85
Q

what is the purpose of the non ciliated secretory cells with microvilli within the mucosa of the uterine tubes?

A

-secrete fluid that provides nutrients to the oocyte/cell mass

86
Q

what is the purpose of the endometrial glands within the stratum functionalis?

A

-secretes a nutritive fluid for the embryo prior to the formation of the umbilical cord

87
Q

what is contained within the vulva?

A

-mons pubis
-labia majora/minora
-vestibule
-greater vestibular glands
-clitoris
-reproductive structures that lie external to the vagina

88
Q

what is the mons pubis?

A

-adipose tissue that overlies and cushions the pubic symphysis

89
Q

what is the labia majora?

A

-two large skin folds that surround the labia minora

90
Q

what is the labia minora?

A

-small inner folds of skin that surround the vestibule

91
Q

what does the vestibule contain?

A

-vaginal opening
-external urethral orifice (anterior to the vaginal opening in anatomical position)

92
Q

what do the greater vestibular glands secrete?

A

-mucus to lubricate the vestibule

93
Q

what is the clitoris?

A

-mainly internal
-small external portion at the anterior junction of the labia minora
-contains erectile tissue
-derived from the same embryonic tissue as the penis

94
Q

what is the general process of oogenesis before birth?

A

-oogonia (2n) goes through mitosis to create many more oogonia (2n)
-oogonia cells differentiate to form primary oocytes (2n)

95
Q

what is the general process of oogenesis after puberty?

A

-primary oocytes (2n) go through meiosis I to form the 1st polar body (n) and the secondary oocyte (n)
-1st polar body (n) may undergo meiosis II to form another polar body (n)
-secondary oocyte (n) is ovulated
-if secondary oocyte (n) is fertilized then meiosis II completes to form the ovum (n) and the 2nd polar body (n)

96
Q

what will the primary oocyte form at the end of oogenesis?

A

-1 ovum
-2 or 3 polar bodies

97
Q

what are polar bodies?

A

-discarded nuclear (genetic) material

98
Q

what are oogonia?

A

-diploid stem cells
-multiply by mitosis during fetal development
-differentiate into primary oocytes

99
Q

what are primary oocytes?

A

-diploid cells
-approximately 1 million in ovaries at birth (at puberty less than half remain)
-enter meiosis I before birth but arrested in prophase I (until puberty)

100
Q

what are secondary oocytes?

A

-haploid cells
-begins meiosis II and arrests in metaphase II
-is ovulated (1/month)
-approximately 500 ovulated from puberty to menopause

101
Q

what is the process of follicular development in the late embryonic and fetal period?

A

-primordial follicle forms
-primary oocytes become surrounded by a single layer of flat pre-granulosa cells (for support)
-most primordial follicles with primary oocytes degenerate over time (fewer at birth)

102
Q

what is the process of follicular development in childhood?

A

-ovary is mostly inactive
-some primordial follicles will develop into primary follicles
-single layer of flat pre-granulosa cells become cuboidal
-cells are now called granulosa cells
-primordial and primary follicles will continue to degenerate (less at puberty)

103
Q

why do primordial and primary follicles degenerate over time?

A

-absence of reproductive hormones

104
Q

what is the process of follicular development at puberty?

A

-ovarian cycles and reproductive hormone secretion begins
-each month primary follicles continue to form and reproductive hormones selectively stimulate some and continue their development in the ovarian cortex
-go through one or more of the remaining stages

105
Q

what is the process of the secondary follicle?

A

-hormone secreting theca cells form from surrounding CT cells (in the transition from primary to secondary follicle)
-granulosa cells proliferate (stratify) and start to secrete fluid + estrogen
-fluid filled spaces develop between granulosa cells as fluid accumulates

106
Q

what is the process of the vesicular (antral) follicle

A

-fluid filled spaces unite into a single large antrum
-granulosa cells still surrounding the oocyte are the corona radiata
-only one dominant vesicular follicle will continue development per each cycle

107
Q

what is the process of the preovulatory (graafian) follicle?

A

-mature vesicular follicle
-follicle grows significantly in size and protrudes from the ovary surface
-hormone levels rise causing 2 events

108
Q

what do the rising hormone levels cause for the preovulatory (graafian) follicle?

A

-formation of the secondary oocyte (meiosis I is completed)
-enters meiosis II and arrests in metaphase II
-ovulation (release of secondary oocyte surrounded by corona radiata) from follicle into the peritoneal cavity (follicle remains in the ovary)
-if fertilization occurs the acrosome of a single sperm will penetrate the corona radiata

109
Q

what is the corpus luteum?

A

-follicle that remains after ovulation
-produces high levels of hormones that support fetal development (estrogen + progesterone)
-if no pregnancy occurs, degenerates into the corpus albicans

110
Q

what is the corpus albicans?

A

-non-functional (does not release hormones)
-scar-like structure on the surface of ovary

Anatomy (29 decks)

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