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Anatomy > Topic 4: the cell cycle, meiosis, mitosis > Flashcards

Topic 4: the cell cycle, meiosis, mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two cell types?

A

-gamates
-somatic cells

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2
Q

what are gamates?

A

-cells that undergo meiosis
-23 different chromosomes (haploid)
-reproductive cells (sperm or ova)

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3
Q

what are somatic cells?

A

-all cells of the body, besides those that undergo meiosis
-ex: muscle cell or nerve cell
-46 chromosomes (diploid) (23 homologous pairs)

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4
Q

what are homologous chromosomes?

A

-a chromosome pair
-one chromatid/strand from each parent join to form one chromosome
-they are the same length, centromere position, and carry the same genes in the same places
-equivalent but not identical
-this place is called a locus

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5
Q

what is a gene?

A

-a unit of heredity
-a region on a DNA strand that contains information for protein synthesis
-can have different versions of the same gene (alleles)

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6
Q

what are alleles?

A

-different versions of a gene
-code for different versions of a trait
-ex: blue eyes from dad and brown eyes from mom

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7
Q

what are autosomal chromosomes?

A

-chromosomes 1-22
-contain genes for body characteristics

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8
Q

which chromosome is the sex chromosome?

A

-chromosome 23
-determines your sex
-XX = female
-XY = male
-get an X or Y from dad and an X from mom

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9
Q

what is the cell cycle for?

A

-growth and repair of tissues
-begin as a zygote and divide and divide until we make trillions of cells

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10
Q

what will a single diploid somatic cell form?

A

-2 genetically identical somatic daughter cells (diploid)

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11
Q

what are the stages in the cell cycle?

A

-interphase
-mitotic phase

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12
Q

what are the 3 phases of interphase?

A

-G1 (first growth phase)
-S (synthesis phase)
-G2 (second growth phase)

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13
Q

what occurs in the G1 phase?

A

-growth and metabolism
-centrosome replication begins
-46 single chromosomes (46 chromatids)

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14
Q

what is meant by the term G0 phase?

A

-cells that do not divide once they are mature, stay in G1
-this is termed as G0
-ex: nerve cells and some muscle cells

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15
Q

what occurs in the S phase

A

-chromosomes replicate (still present as chromatin)
-always occurs before division
-replicates are called sister chromatids
-they attach to each other at the centromere
-46 chromosomes, 92 chromatids

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16
Q

what attaches to each centromere?

A

-kinetochore proteins
-they are produced during S phase
-attach to each centromere to form the kinetochore

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17
Q

what is the kinetochore?

A

-site of attachment for spindle microtubules

18
Q

what are the 2 main parts of the mitotic phase

A

-mitosis
-cytokinesis

19
Q

what occurs in the G2 phase

A

-growth and metabolism
-production of enzymes and other proteins needed for cell division
-centrosome replication is ‘;completed

20
Q

what are the 4 phases in mitosis?

A

-prophase
-metaphase
-anaphase
-telophase

20
Q

what is mitosis?

A

-division of nuclear material (chromosomes)
-a continuous cycle

21
Q

what is cytokinesis? when does it begin?

A

-division of cytoplasm
-begins in anaphase

22
Q

what happens when the mitotic phase ends?

A

-mitosis and cytokinesis are complete
-daughter cells go into interphase
-cycle repeats

23
Q

what occurs in prophase?

A

-chromosomes condense (thicken+coil) (can now be seen individually)
-nucleoli disappear and the nuclear envelope breaks
-centrosomes move to either pole (ends of the cell)
-microtubules form the spindle apparatus
-attaches to
kinetochore
-moves
chromosomes to
the cell equators

24
Q

what is the spindle apparatus?

A

-begins at the centrosome
-microtubules form from the centrosomes and grow to create the spindle apparatus
-cytoskeletal structure
-separates sister chromatids

25
Q

what occurs in metaphase?

A

-46 chromosomes line up on the cell equator

26
Q

what occurs in anaphase?

A

-cytokinesis begins
-spindle microtubules shorten
-pulls the kinetochores
to separate the sister
chromatids
-46 chromatids migrate to each pole
-92 individual chromosomes

27
Q

what occurs in telophase?

A

-reverse of prophase
-chromosomes uncoil into chromatin
-nucleoli and nuclear envelope reappears
-spindle disassembles
-cytokinesis is completed (during or after telophase ends)

28
Q

what is produced from meiosis?

A

-gametes
-sperm cells
-egg cells
-1 diploid cell produces 4 haploid daughter cells

29
Q

what are meiosis’ 4 main parts

A

-interphase
-meiosis 1 (1st division)
-interkinesis (replacement for interphase)
-meiosis 2 (2nd division)

30
Q

what kind of division is meiosis?

A

-reduction division
-diploid to haploid

31
Q

is interphase different within meiosis?

A

-nope!

32
Q

what occurs in prophase 1?

A

-homologous chromosomes attach together (form tetrads)
-crossing over
-piece of 1 chromatid
exchanges with a
matching piece of
the homologous
chromosome
-same preparatory things as in mitosis prophase

33
Q

what is the purpose of swapping identical pieces of chromatids between homologous chromosomes?

A

-increases genetic diversity
-pass on dads hair colour with moms eye colour

34
Q

what occurs in metaphase 1?

A

-23 tetrads line up along the cell equator

35
Q

what occurs in anaphase 1?

A

-tetrads separate into homologous chromosomes (with 2 sister chromatids) and migrate to each pole
-done so with the
spindle apparatus
-chromatids dont seperate

36
Q

does anything change in telophase from mitosis to meiosis?

A

-nope!
-just with 23 replicated chromosomes instead of 46

37
Q

what is created after meiosis 1?

A

-2 haploid cells with 23 chromosomes (46 chromatids)
-NO HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
-HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES ARE WHAT FORM TETRADS

38
Q

how is meiosis II different than mitosis?

A

-just has 23 chromosomes instead of 46
-metaphase II
-23 chromosomes line
up at the equator
-anaphase II
-23 chromatids
migrate to each pole

39
Q

how are the chromosomes present in interphase?

A

-long thread-like chromatin strands

Anatomy (29 decks)

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