Topic 9 - Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 hormones that are made in the anterior pituitary gland

A

FSH/LH

GH

ACTH

TSH/Thyrotropin

Prolactin

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2
Q

Name 2 hormones that the pituitary gland produces

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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3
Q

what 4 organs that are not controlled by the Pituitary

A

Adrenal Medulla (adrenaline)

Parathyroid Gland (calcium)

Pancreas (sugars)

Gut Hormones

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4
Q

what are the 3 structures of the thyroid

A

Midline Isthmus

Right lobe

Left lobe

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5
Q

what cells produce calcitonin? where are they found

what is their role

A

C cells

Found in thyroid

calcium homeostasis

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6
Q

what 5 organs are involved in calcium metabolism

A
Bone
Parathyroid
thyroid
Gut
Kidneys
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7
Q

What produces vitamin D?

What does this do?

A

Kidneys

Increases reabsorption of Calcium

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8
Q

90% of the Adrenal gland is what structure

A

Adrenal Cortex

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9
Q

Adrenal Cortex produces what 3 things

A

Corticosteroids (cortisol)

Androgens (testosterone)

Aldosterone

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10
Q

Adrenal Medulla produces what

A

Catecholamines (Adrenaline/Dopamine)

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11
Q

Ovaries produce what 2 hormones

A

Oestradiol

Inhibin

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12
Q

GnRH is released from the hypothalamus to stimulaate what pathway

A

Pituitary –> Ovaries –> inhibin/Oestradiol

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13
Q

Testicular Maldescent

A

Testes have not descended down into scrotum

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14
Q

Interstitial / Leydig Cells produces what?

What does this then inhibit

A

Testosterone

Inhibits Pituitary / Hypothalamus

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15
Q

Seminiferous Tubules produce what?

A

Sperm

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16
Q

Sertoli Cells produce what?

A

Sperm + Inhibin

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17
Q

Static tests can be done for what glands

A

Thyroid

sex glands

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18
Q

Stimulation tests can be done if what is suspected

A

Under-secretion of a hormone

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19
Q

Synacthen test involves what?

A

Patient giving ACTH

if adrenal gland doesnt produce adrenaline = failure of gland

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20
Q

Suppresion test can be done if what is suspected?

Give an example

A

Hormone overproduction

give glucose = GH should stop being released via negative feedback

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21
Q

Oversecretion of hormones involving cancers are generally what?

A

Benign

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22
Q

Under-secretion of hormones involve what 2 things normally?

A

inflammation

infarction

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23
Q

Prolactinoma is caused by what?

A

pituitary gland tumour

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24
Q

What 4 clinical presentations are present with Prolactinoma

A

Galactorrhoea

Amenorrhoea

Sexual Dysfunction

Headaches / Visual Field problems

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25
Q

what two tests are done if prolactinoma is suspected?

A

Pituitary MRI

Static test

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26
Q
  • Sexual Intercourse
  • Nipple Stimulation
  • Stress
  • Antipsychotics / antidepressants

these can cause what?

A

Mildly increased prolactin

27
Q

Non-Functioning Pituitary tumour does what to the hypothalamus

A

compresses it

Interferes w/inhibitory effect on prolactin secretion

28
Q

how do you treat prolactinoma?

A

Dopamine Agonists

29
Q

Acromegalic face can be caused by what in adults

A

GH over secretion

30
Q

how do you diagnose someone with growth hormone over secretion?

A

glucose test (Suppresion test)

give glucose = GH should not be secreted

31
Q

Treatment for GH overproduction

A

Surgery

32
Q
Growth arrest
Round face
Fat redistribution
Skin abnormalities
Complications
Hypertension
Diabetes

are all symptoms of what syndrome?

A

Cushings syndrome

33
Q

Pituitary secreting ACTH tumour can cause what?

A

Cushings Syndrome

34
Q

main type of thyroid hormone overproduction is what?

A

Primary Hyperthyroidism

35
Q

80% of Primary Hyperthyrodism is caused by what?

A

Graves Disease (autoimmune)

36
Q

toxic nodules / Toxic MNG + Thyroiditis can cause what?

A

Primary Hyperthyroidism

37
Q

Amiodarone can cause what disease?

A

Primary Hyperthyrodism

38
Q
Hyperactivity 
Heat intolerance
Palpitations
Weight loss despite overeating 
Menstrual problems
A

Primary Hyperthyrodism

39
Q

upon examination, a patient is

  • Hand tremors
  • Increased sweating
  • Fast pulse

what does this possibly indicate

A

Primary Hyperthyrodism

40
Q

a smooth enlarged thyroid is caused by what?

A

Graves Disease

41
Q

a nodular enlarged thyroid is caused by what?

A

Toxic Nodules

42
Q

a tender enlarged thyroid is caused by what?

A

Thyroid Inflammation

43
Q

A thyroid blood test is done for suspected hyperthyroidism. what comes up ?

A

Suppressed TSH

Raised T4/T3

44
Q

Extrathyroidal signs is thyroid disease (3)

A

Protrusion of eye ball (Proptosis)

Paralysis of eye muscles

Swelling around eyes

45
Q

anti-thyroid drugs can be given in hyperthyrodism but what can happen?

A

Suppress WBC production

Infection risk

46
Q

Radioactive iodine can be given for hyperthyroidism. what does this lead to?

A

destruction of thyroid gland

47
Q

what treatment can be given for an underproduction of hormones?

A

growth hormone replacement

48
Q

steroid under secretion is generally caused by what 2 things?

A

adrenal / pituitary failure

49
Q
Failure to grow in children
Tiredness
Dizziness fr. Low bp
Abdominal pain
Vomiting

can be caused by what

A

Steroid underproduction

50
Q

Primary Hypothyrodism is generally caused by what? (2)

A

Thyroid Failure

autoimmune // drug induced

51
Q

secondary hypothyrodism is rare and is generally caused by what

What is not produced which causes this disease

A

Part of complete pituitary failure

failure to produce TSH

52
Q

Weakness/dry skin (Most common)
Sensation of cold/decreased sweating
Impaired memory

is genearlly what?

A

Hypothyrodism

53
Q

what test is done for hypothyrodism

A

Static test

54
Q

treatment for hypothyrodism

A

thyroid hormone replacement

55
Q

primary sex hormone deficiency generally involves what?

A

Sex organ dysfunction

56
Q

secondary sex hormone deficiency generally involves what?

A

Pituitary failure

57
Q

amenorrhoea can be caused by what 4 things?

A
  • Uterine problems
  • Ovarian problem
  • Pituitary problems
  • Hypothalamic problems
58
Q

diagnosis test for sex hormone deficiency

A

Static test

59
Q

sex hormone deficiency treatment

A
  • Hormone replacement therapy

* Pituitary hormone replacement

60
Q

Pituitary Hormone Deficiency Investigation dynamic tests (2)

A

glucagon stimulation test

Insulin Stress test

61
Q

Pituitary Hormone Deficiency Investigation basal tests (3)

A

E2 test

Thyroid function

Prolactin

62
Q

Pituitary Independent Endocrine abnormalities can lead to what

A

increased PTH production

63
Q

what are 3 causes of Pituitary Independent Endocrine abnormalities

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Cancers

Drugs

64
Q

Thirst / passing too much urine
Constipation
Abdominal pain

are signs of what?

A

Pituitary Independent Endocrine abnormalities