Topic 12 Immunology Flashcards
1
Q
what lineage is NK cells
A
Lymphoid
2
Q
2 primary lymphoid tissues
A
Bone marrow
Thymus gland
3
Q
as well as removing old / damaged erythrocytes, what else does the spleen do
A
Activates lymphocytes from blood borne pathogens
4
Q
Red pulp in the spleen does what
A
remove erthryocytes
5
Q
White pulp does what in the spleen?
A
stimulates lymphocytes
6
Q
TNF + IL-1 can be released by what in the innate system
A
macrophages
7
Q
humoural immunity is mediated by whta
A
B lympho
8
Q
Cell mediated immunity is mediated by what
A
T lympho
9
Q
How many B cells are present
A
3 billion
10
Q
how maany B cells are capable of producing an AB capable of binding to a specific antigen
A
30
11
Q
What IG is found initially on B cells
A
IgD
12
Q
how long are AA that bind to MHC1
A
10AA
13
Q
what kick starts the classical pathway
A
Antigen-antibody complex
14
Q
Serine proteases are what
A
complement factors
15
Q
name the 3 anaphylatoxins from the classical complement system
A
C3a / C4a / C5a
16
Q
Opsonisation complement factor
A
C3b
17
Q
MBL binds to what
A
MASP1 + MASP2
18
Q
What does MBL + MASP1/2
activate?
A
C2 + C4
19
Q
Candida albicans is a yeast with what present
A
mannose
20
Q
what 2 viruses have mannose
A
HIV + Influenza A
21
Q
what 2 bacteria have mannose
A
Salmonella + streptococci
22
Q
What parasite has mannose
A
leishmania
23
Q
how is the alternative pathway activated
A
spontaneous breakdown of C3 into C3b
24
Q
what is the role of anaphylatoxins
A
triggere degranulation of endothelial cells to release histamine
25
what happens to SM from anaphylatoxins
SM contraction
vascular cell permeability increases
26
name 2 chemoattractants that attract neutrophils
C3a + C5a
27
C3b is cleaved to what on a bacterial surface
why is this relevant to macrophages
iC3b
iC3b receptors are found on macrophages for phagocytosis
28
one bacteria has been ingested, it forms a phagosome which fuses with what to become what
fuses w/ lysosome
phagolysosome
29
macrophages can be found in what 3 areas
under skin
lungs
intestines
30
what is the role of the resting macrophage
and in terms of MHC?
collect debris by phagocytosis
eliminates apoptopic cells
little MHC2 on membrane
31
how is a primed macrophage primed?
What produces this interferon
IFN-y
NK + T helper
32
a hyperactive macrophage is stimulated by what
where is one of the components found?
LPS + IFN-y
gram negative bacteria
33
what happens to the size of hyperactive macrophages?
why
become larger
stop proliferating
34
where are neutrophils found
what is their life span
blood
5 days
35
SLIG is what and found on what
what does it bind to
Selectin found on neutrophils
ICAM
36
what stimulates ICAM (4)
IL-1
TNF
LPS
C5a
37
what causes the rolling mechanism in neutrophils
Selectin - SLIG
38
where is methionine found on
what do bacteria have that neutrophils can use to "track" macrophages
N terminus
F methionine
39
NK are produced where
where are they found (3)
BM
Blood
liver
spleen
40
What cytokines are released from NK cells (2)
IFN-y
| IL-2
41
FAS ligand is found on NK which binds to what
what does this induce
FAS
Induces apoptosis in cell
42
Perfornin injects what into target cell causing suicide
Granzyme B
43
what 2 cytokines reduce virus production
TNF
| IFN
44
What major IG is found in blood and enters tissue spaces and prepares bacteria to be killed
IgG
45
How many types of IgG are there
4
46
what does IgD help
cell division
47
how many types of IgA are there
where are they found
2 types
mucousal surfaces
48
IgM is found mainly where
whats its role
bloodstream
kills bacteria
49
What 2 antigens are found in hepatitis
HBsAG
Hepatitis Core antigen
50
What antigen is found in active disease in hepatitis?
What antigen is found in current/previous infection
HBsAG
Hepatitis core antigen
51
in graves disease, what is produced and what is mimicked
what does this lead to
AB that mimics TSH
uncontrolled hyperthyroidism
52
what cytokine is released from T cells that can activate macrophages once an antigen is presented to it
IFN-g
53
CD3 is found on what
T cells
54
in the 1st signal with T cells, what receptors and CD are used
CD4/8
TCR
CD3
MHC
55
if a cell is anergic, what does this mean
Anergic
56
in the 2nd signal with T cells, what receptors are involved and what CD are used
CD28 on T cells
| CD80 on APC
57
3 cytokines released from TH1
Il-2 / 15 / IFN-y
58
3 cytokines released from TH2
Il-4 / 10 / 13
59
Tuberculoid leprosy
Multiple sclerosis
these are derived from whaat disease
TH1
60
Lepromatous leprosy
Graves disease
these are derived from whta disease
TH2
61
treatment of MS can lead to what
Graves
62
what 2 areas have central tolerance
Bone marrow
Thymus
63
Positive selection in the thymus involves what
cells recognising self MHC
These cells survive
64
Negative selection in the thymus involves what
cells recognising self antigens die via clonal deletion
65
what cells are involved in peripheral tolerance
T reg
66
how do T reg cells recognise cells that target self antigen
lack of 2nd signal when they bind
immune anergy
67
in autoimmune conditions what is lost
self tolerance
68
name a non organ specific autoimmune disease
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
69
type of cell needed for transplantation
Pluripotent Haemopoetic stem cells
70
co receptor found on T cell of CD8
4-1BB
71
co receptor found on T cell of APC
4-1BBL
72
co receptor on CD4
co receptor on APC
CD28
CD80/86
73
positive lymphocyte selection involves what
recognising pathogen antigens and not self
74
Negative lymphocyte selection involves what
Ignoring autologous antigens
75
Tolerance involves what
Tolerating non-self antigens
built up over time (gluten)
76
T cell maturation starts with how many cells
60 million
77
first stage of T cell maturation occurs where?
Cortex of Thymus
78
What cells contain aire gene that is involved with exposing immature T cell to MHC1/2 antigens
Thymic medullar epithelial cells
79
2nd stage involves what type of selection? What does it also determine?
CD8 / CD4
Positive selection
80
Acquired tolerance is developed ....
Instantly
81
Eutherian fetoembryonic defence system involves what (2)
gametes lack MHC
Overproduction of glycoproteins
82
What part of AB can be switched
FC region
83
How many segments are found on the heavy chains
V (46)
D ( 23)
J (6)
5 Constant regions
84
light chain consists of what 2 constant regions
What 3 regions are found in Light chain
λ or κ
VJC
85
with polyclonal antibodies, what target are found with these AB
Different AB but can bind to same pathogen without the same antigen stimulus
86
VDJ mutation rate
when does it occur
1 in 1000
occurs after B cell activation i lymph nodes
87
Somatic hypermutation occurs in what area of a lymph node
Dark zone
88
Positive selection and class switching occurs in what region of a lymph node
Light zone
