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IMS > Topic 12 Immunology > Flashcards

Topic 12 Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what lineage is NK cells

A

Lymphoid

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2
Q

2 primary lymphoid tissues

A

Bone marrow

Thymus gland

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3
Q

as well as removing old / damaged erythrocytes, what else does the spleen do

A

Activates lymphocytes from blood borne pathogens

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4
Q

Red pulp in the spleen does what

A

remove erthryocytes

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5
Q

White pulp does what in the spleen?

A

stimulates lymphocytes

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6
Q

TNF + IL-1 can be released by what in the innate system

A

macrophages

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7
Q

humoural immunity is mediated by whta

A

B lympho

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8
Q

Cell mediated immunity is mediated by what

A

T lympho

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9
Q

How many B cells are present

A

3 billion

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10
Q

how maany B cells are capable of producing an AB capable of binding to a specific antigen

A

30

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11
Q

What IG is found initially on B cells

A

IgD

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12
Q

how long are AA that bind to MHC1

A

10AA

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13
Q

what kick starts the classical pathway

A

Antigen-antibody complex

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14
Q

Serine proteases are what

A

complement factors

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15
Q

name the 3 anaphylatoxins from the classical complement system

A

C3a / C4a / C5a

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16
Q

Opsonisation complement factor

A

C3b

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17
Q

MBL binds to what

A

MASP1 + MASP2

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18
Q

What does MBL + MASP1/2

activate?

A

C2 + C4

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19
Q

Candida albicans is a yeast with what present

A

mannose

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20
Q

what 2 viruses have mannose

A

HIV + Influenza A

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21
Q

what 2 bacteria have mannose

A

Salmonella + streptococci

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22
Q

What parasite has mannose

A

leishmania

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23
Q

how is the alternative pathway activated

A

spontaneous breakdown of C3 into C3b

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24
Q

what is the role of anaphylatoxins

A

triggere degranulation of endothelial cells to release histamine

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25
Q

what happens to SM from anaphylatoxins

A

SM contraction

vascular cell permeability increases

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26
Q

name 2 chemoattractants that attract neutrophils

A

C3a + C5a

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27
Q

C3b is cleaved to what on a bacterial surface

why is this relevant to macrophages

A

iC3b

iC3b receptors are found on macrophages for phagocytosis

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28
Q

one bacteria has been ingested, it forms a phagosome which fuses with what to become what

A

fuses w/ lysosome

phagolysosome

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29
Q

macrophages can be found in what 3 areas

A

under skin
lungs
intestines

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30
Q

what is the role of the resting macrophage

and in terms of MHC?

A

collect debris by phagocytosis
eliminates apoptopic cells

little MHC2 on membrane

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31
Q

how is a primed macrophage primed?

What produces this interferon

A

IFN-y

NK + T helper

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32
Q

a hyperactive macrophage is stimulated by what

where is one of the components found?

A

LPS + IFN-y

gram negative bacteria

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33
Q

what happens to the size of hyperactive macrophages?

why

A

become larger

stop proliferating

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34
Q

where are neutrophils found

what is their life span

A

blood

5 days

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35
Q

SLIG is what and found on what

what does it bind to

A

Selectin found on neutrophils

ICAM

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36
Q

what stimulates ICAM (4)

A

IL-1
TNF
LPS
C5a

37
Q

what causes the rolling mechanism in neutrophils

A

Selectin - SLIG

38
Q

where is methionine found on

what do bacteria have that neutrophils can use to “track” macrophages

A

N terminus

F methionine

39
Q

NK are produced where

where are they found (3)

A

BM

Blood
liver
spleen

40
Q

What cytokines are released from NK cells (2)

A

IFN-y

IL-2

41
Q

FAS ligand is found on NK which binds to what

what does this induce

A

FAS

Induces apoptosis in cell

42
Q

Perfornin injects what into target cell causing suicide

A

Granzyme B

43
Q

what 2 cytokines reduce virus production

A

TNF

IFN

44
Q

What major IG is found in blood and enters tissue spaces and prepares bacteria to be killed

A

IgG

45
Q

How many types of IgG are there

A

4

46
Q

what does IgD help

A

cell division

47
Q

how many types of IgA are there

where are they found

A

2 types

mucousal surfaces

48
Q

IgM is found mainly where

whats its role

A

bloodstream

kills bacteria

49
Q

What 2 antigens are found in hepatitis

A

HBsAG

Hepatitis Core antigen

50
Q

What antigen is found in active disease in hepatitis?

What antigen is found in current/previous infection

A

HBsAG

Hepatitis core antigen

51
Q

in graves disease, what is produced and what is mimicked

what does this lead to

A

AB that mimics TSH

uncontrolled hyperthyroidism

52
Q

what cytokine is released from T cells that can activate macrophages once an antigen is presented to it

A

IFN-g

53
Q

CD3 is found on what

A

T cells

54
Q

in the 1st signal with T cells, what receptors and CD are used

A

CD4/8
TCR
CD3
MHC

55
Q

if a cell is anergic, what does this mean

A

Anergic

56
Q

in the 2nd signal with T cells, what receptors are involved and what CD are used

A

CD28 on T cells

CD80 on APC

57
Q

3 cytokines released from TH1

A

Il-2 / 15 / IFN-y

58
Q

3 cytokines released from TH2

A

Il-4 / 10 / 13

59
Q

Tuberculoid leprosy
Multiple sclerosis

these are derived from whaat disease

A

TH1

60
Q

Lepromatous leprosy
Graves disease

these are derived from whta disease

A

TH2

61
Q

treatment of MS can lead to what

A

Graves

62
Q

what 2 areas have central tolerance

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

63
Q

Positive selection in the thymus involves what

A

cells recognising self MHC

These cells survive

64
Q

Negative selection in the thymus involves what

A

cells recognising self antigens die via clonal deletion

65
Q

what cells are involved in peripheral tolerance

A

T reg

66
Q

how do T reg cells recognise cells that target self antigen

A

lack of 2nd signal when they bind

immune anergy

67
Q

in autoimmune conditions what is lost

A

self tolerance

68
Q

name a non organ specific autoimmune disease

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

69
Q

type of cell needed for transplantation

A

Pluripotent Haemopoetic stem cells

70
Q

co receptor found on T cell of CD8

A

4-1BB

71
Q

co receptor found on T cell of APC

A

4-1BBL

72
Q

co receptor on CD4

co receptor on APC

A

CD28

CD80/86

73
Q

positive lymphocyte selection involves what

A

recognising pathogen antigens and not self

74
Q

Negative lymphocyte selection involves what

A

Ignoring autologous antigens

75
Q

Tolerance involves what

A

Tolerating non-self antigens

built up over time (gluten)

76
Q

T cell maturation starts with how many cells

A

60 million

77
Q

first stage of T cell maturation occurs where?

A

Cortex of Thymus

78
Q

What cells contain aire gene that is involved with exposing immature T cell to MHC1/2 antigens

A

Thymic medullar epithelial cells

79
Q

2nd stage involves what type of selection? What does it also determine?

A

CD8 / CD4

Positive selection

80
Q

Acquired tolerance is developed ….

A

Instantly

81
Q

Eutherian fetoembryonic defence system involves what (2)

A

gametes lack MHC

Overproduction of glycoproteins

82
Q

What part of AB can be switched

A

FC region

83
Q

How many segments are found on the heavy chains

A

V (46)
D ( 23)
J (6)

5 Constant regions

84
Q

light chain consists of what 2 constant regions

What 3 regions are found in Light chain

A

λ or κ

VJC

85
Q

with polyclonal antibodies, what target are found with these AB

A

Different AB but can bind to same pathogen without the same antigen stimulus

86
Q

VDJ mutation rate

when does it occur

A

1 in 1000

occurs after B cell activation i lymph nodes

87
Q

Somatic hypermutation occurs in what area of a lymph node

A

Dark zone

88
Q

Positive selection and class switching occurs in what region of a lymph node

A

Light zone

IMS (25 decks)

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