Topic 8 - Blood Flashcards by ryan seed

Vasopressin is released from where

Posterior Pituitary lobe

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Common myeloid + lymphoid progenitor
multipotential haemopoietic stem cell
megakaryocyte

can be found where?

Bone marrow

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serum =

Plasma - clotting factors

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Plasma =

Serum + clotting factors + clotting inhibitors

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What type of antigen is Rhesus

Ion channel antigen

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What type of Rhesus expression is common?

Rh+

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Treatment for rhesus

Anti-Rh Y globin

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PC / PS / AT inhibitor deficiences leads to what?

Hypercoagulability = thrombosis

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Burkitts lymphoma is translocation of what

what chromosome numbers?

c-MYC with IgH

8 –> 14

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HTLV-1 is found in what cancer?

Leukaemia

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Leukaemia has what accumulation?

WBC caused by BM failure

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Hodgkin Lymphoma is characterised by what type of cells?

What are their structures?
What do they originate from?

Reed Sternberg Cells

Bilobed/multinucleated

Originates from B cells

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Bleeding peptic ulcer + normocytic anaemia can results in what sort of erythrocyte loss? What can this lead to?

Chronic Erythrocyte loss

Anaemia

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EPO causes the transition of what?

CFU –> BFU-E = RBC

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What cell releases EPO

Interstitial fibroblasts

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Name 4 things that stimulates Erythropoiesis

Androgens
Thyroxine
Growth hormone
Corticosteroids

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Thpo stimulates what formation

CFU = Megakaryocytes = platelets

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IDA can lead to what sort of anaemia?

Microcytic anaemia

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Anisocytosis =

Pokiliocytosis +

variation in size

variation in shape

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Megaloblastic anaemia is a result from what?

What does it lead to

Deficiency in B12 / folate

Macrocytic anaemia

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Life span of Haemolytic anaemia RBC

20 days

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Immune induced HA (3)

Haemolytic syndrome of newborn

Autoantibodies

complement

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Mutation in sickle cell is caused by what mutation?

Hb b globin mutation

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What is produced in sickle cell?

how does this distort RBC

glu –> Valine

Polymerisation of Hb = distortion

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Defects in a/b chains lead to what?

Thalassaemia

What sort of anaemia is present with Thalassaemia

microcytic anaemia

Primary response of haemostatic strategies include what (3)

Platelets // Endothelial // Fibriniogen

Secondary response of haemostatic strategies include what (3)

circulating enzymes // Platelet // fibrin

life span of platelets

7-10 days

What sort of granule types are present in platelets

Dense alpha

Name the adhesion changing shape of platelet order

Disc shape Rolling ball Hemisphere shape spreading platelet

Which shape leads to reversible adhesion?

Firm - Hemisphere shape

Which shape leads to irreverisble adhesion?

Spreading platelet

Dense granules contain what (4)

ADP / ATP / Serotonin / Ca2+

Alpha graunles contain what (4)

Platelet Factor 4 (hep.antago) PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor) Platelet GF Chemokines

What is the role of dense granules

Promotes aggregation

What is the role of alpha granules

Help coagulation + wound healing

name 4 stimuli for platelet adhesion + aggregation

ADP Adrenaline Thromboxane A2 Fibrinogen

name 4 negative simuli agonists against platelet activation etc.

Adenosine NO PECAM-1 Prostacyclin-1

a2b1 receptor is involved with adhesion of platlets found on what?

collagen

Gp1b-IX-V is found on what factor?

Von Willebrand Factor

GpV1 is responsible for what? Where is it found

Platelet activation Collagen

PAR1 / 4 is found on what? What is it involved with?

Thrombin Platelet activation

P2y1 // P2y12 is found on what? What is it involved with?

ADP Platelet activation

Platelet aggregation involves the receptor GPIIb/IIIa where is it found on ?

Fibrinogen

Tissue factor can be found on what type of cells? (2) What sort of protein is it?

Transmembrane protein Perivascular cells - Fibroblasts /SM

The intrinsic pathway can be initiated by what sort of things? (4)

Negative charged items Glass / collagen / polyphosphates / missfolded proteins

The extrinsic pathway is activated by what?

Tissue factor exposed to blood

What 3 complexes are vit K complexes?

7a + TF 9a + 8a 10a + 5a

what factor is activated by thrombin? What is it involved with

13a stabilises fibrin network increasing resistance to fibrinolysis

DIC originates typically where?

Microvasculature

Vitamin K is the precursor to what? (6)

Factor 2/7/9/10 Factors C + S

What does vitamin K lead to

More effective binding of Ca2+ to phospholipid on platelet surface

Warfarin inhibits what enzyme?

Epoxide reductase

What type of AB bind to phospholipid sites on clotting factors?

Lupus Anticoagulants

Thrombocytopenia involves what?

Loss / dysfunction of platelets

name 4 causes of thrombocytopenia

Leukaemia Blood loss DIC Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

Platelet - vessel interaction can be affected by what 2 syndromes?

Von WIllebrand syndrome Bernard Soulier Syndrome

Platelet - Platelet interaction can be affected by what 2 things?

Glanzmann Thrombasthenia Congenital Alibrinogenemia

Platelet - Granule secretion /signal transduction can be affected by what syndrome

Wiskott - Aldrich Syndrome

Haemophilia is what type of mutation?

X-linked recessive

Haemohpilia leads to what?

Insufficient thrombin generation

if Factor 8 is affected, what type of haemophillia is present?

Type A

If factor 9 is affected, what type of haemophilia is present?

Type B

With male / female ratio, who is affected?

Males affected females are carriers

What 2 symptoms arise from haemophilia

Joint bleeding - Hemarthrosis Muscle haemorrhages

What treatment is done for haemophillia?

Replace factor thats absent via plasma transfusion

APTT =

Activated partial thromboplastin time

What affects clotting times?

Missing factors in coagulation pathway

Arterial Thrombosis can lead to what in the leg?

Peripheral vascular disease

Venous thrombosis can lead to what in the lungs?

Pulmonary embolism

thrombosis is made of what 3 things in Virchow's Triad

Stasis Vessel wall injury Hypercoagulability

what is rich in an arterial thrombus?

Platelets

What is rich in a venous thrombus?

RBC / Fibrin

What is the difference between Mural Thrombi and Occlusive Thrombi

Occlusive blocks vessel = MI Mural = Unstable angina

NO + PGI2 role

Inhibits platelet activation

In thrombosis, platelets bind to what (2) What has reduced availability that leads to occlusive thrombi?

Collagen + Oxidised lipids Reduced NO/PGI2

TxA2 is released from what? What does it derive from?

Platelets Arachidonic acid

Thrombin is generated on what?

Platelet surfaces

Oxidised lipids promote what?

Secondary agonists

Aspirin inhibits what (2)

COX-1 Thromboxane production

Abciximab + Tirofiban bind to what receptors found on what?

Fibrinogen + vWF

Clopidogrel + Ticagrelor + Prasugrel are anti P2Y which is a receptor for what?

ADP

Fibrinolytics are what derivitives? What do they activate?

Plasminogen activator Dissolves blood clots by creating plasmin

Factor V leiden mutation + deficiencies in coagulation inhibitors are risk factors for what?

Venous Thrombosis

Circulatory stasis can be caused by what?

Loss of laminar flow around valve gaps

Exposure of TF can be done via what dysfunction leading to venous thrombosis

Endothelial dysfunction

Unfractionated Heparin + low molecular weight heparin are treatments for venous thrombosis. How do they work?

Helps anti-thrombin inhibit Thrombin + 10a leads to no fibrin formation

VKA reduce action of what?

Vitamin K

Dabigatran is what sort of inhibitor

Direct Thrombin Inhibitor