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IMS > Topic 5- Embryology Basics > Flashcards

Topic 5- Embryology Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 ways of dating pregnancy?

A

Dating from Womans last menstrual period

Fertilisation age

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2
Q

When dating from last menstrual period, how is it split? How many weeks overall?

A

3 equal trimesters

over 40weeks

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3
Q

At what stage is the majority of human birth defects detected?

A

Prenatally

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4
Q

When using Fertilisation age as a marker, how many weeks is it? What does it take into account?

A

38weeks

Ovulation of 2 weeks

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5
Q

What is the fertilisation age marker split into? How many weeks is each section (timespan)?

A

Early Development Period - 0-3weeks

Embryonic Period - 3-8 weeks

Foetal Period - 8-birth

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6
Q

Which period is associated with highest risk of birth defect? What induces the risk

A

Embryonic Period

teratogens

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7
Q

What occurs in the embryonic period?

A

Organogenesis

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8
Q

What time period is not susceptible to teratogens

A

Period of dividing zygote (1-2weeks)

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9
Q

Which system develops from week 2 - birth?

Which system develops from week 4 - birth

A

CNS

Eyes

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10
Q

If a defect occurs between week 3-7, what consequences does this have?

A

Major Congenital Abnormalities

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11
Q

If defects occurs between 0-2 weeks, what consequences does this have?

A

Prenatal Death

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12
Q

What infections are associated with birth defects? Why are they do cause damage?

A

TORCH
Toxoplasmosis, Other (hepB) , Rubella , CMV, Herpes

can cross placenta barrier

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13
Q

Where can you find toxoplasmosis?

A

Cat Faeces / Undercooked meat

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14
Q

5 Congenital Abnormalities that arirse from toxoplasmosis birth defect

A 
Microcephaly 
hydrocephaly 
Splenomegaly
Hearing Loss
micropthalmia
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15
Q

At what point does Rubella pass through the placenta?

What is Rubella Syndrome (3)

A

After 3 months

Microcephaly
PDA (Patent Ductus Arteriosus)
Cataracts

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16
Q

Name 4 Congenital Malformations that arise from Rubella

A

Microcephaly
Heart Defects
Intellectual Disability
Cloudy Cornea

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17
Q

How is CMV transmitted?

A

Bodily Fluids

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18
Q

Name 5 Congenital Abnormalities that arise from CMV

A 
Microcephaly 
Mineral Deposits in brain
Psychomotor retardation
Splenomegaly 
Micropthalmia
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19
Q

Those that contract CMV, what symptoms are present?

A

Usually Asymptomatic

20
Q

Varicella Zoster Virus is related to herpes. At what time frame is considered the most dangerous? (2 time frames)

A

13-20 weeks

Just before birth-2 days postpartum

21
Q

Name 4 congenital abnormalities that arise from herpes simplex

A

Segmental Skin loss
Limb Hypoplasia /paresis
microcephaly
Visual Defects

22
Q

How is Zika Virus transmitted?

A

Mosquito / Bodily fluids

23
Q

Name 4 symptoms of Zika Virus

A

Rash , Red eyes, Join pain , Fever

24
Q

Name 2 congenital malformations that arise from Zika Virus

A

Microcephaly

Severe Cognitive disabilities

25
Q

Thalidomide is currently used for what (2)?

What birth defect arises from the use of this chemical?

A

Treating Leprosy / HIV

Limb Hypoplasia / missing limbs

26
Q

Foetal Alcohol Syndrome is associated with what 3 things/

A

Prenatal/postnatal growth retardation
Intellectual disability
Impaired motor/ability / co-ordination

27
Q

Name 3 symptoms arising from Foetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Thin Upper lip
Small eye openings
smooth philtrum

28
Q

What does Radiation cause in terms of cells / chromosomes?

Which part of the body is most sensitive to radiation

A

Premature Cell Death // Chromosomal Changes

CNS

29
Q

Which Trimester is most sensitive to radiation?

A

1st Trimester

30
Q

Name 4 abnormalities that arise from radiation exposure in prenatal

A

Microcephaly
Mental / Cognitive Disabilities
Haemopoetic malignancies / leukaemia

31
Q

If the Mother has Diabetes Mellitus, what 4 congenital abnormalities arise?

A

Macrosomia
Ventricular Septal Defects
Spinda Bifida
Renal Agenesis

32
Q

Folic Acid Deficiency would lead to what for the prenate

Name 2 diseases that arise from this

A

Malformations in CNS

Spina Biffida (gap in spine)
anencephaly
33
Q

The result of mitosis in cells results in what?

A

Diploid Cell

34
Q

The result of meiosis in sex cells results in what?

A

Haploid Cell

35
Q

Fertilisation usually takes place where in the uterus?

A

Ampulla

36
Q

How does an egg travel from Ovary to the uterine tube to meet the sperm in the Ampulla?

A

Fimbriae sweep Oocyte

37
Q

What does a Capicitated sperm have to pass through to get to the Zona Pellucida?

A

Corona Radiate

38
Q

What occurs when Sperm meets zona pellucida? (2)

A

Acrosome releases enzymes to break down wall

Causes Zona Pellucida to release cortical granules to harden zona pellucida

39
Q

What happens when Sperm meets zona pellucida in regards to meiosis?

A

2nd meiosis stage finishes

3 definitive Polar Bodies form
1 Definitive Oocyte formed

40
Q

What is clevage?

A

Division of cells in early embryo

41
Q

During Cleavage, what happens in regards to size of blastomeres? What forms after 4 days?

A

No change in zygote - same size blastomere

Morula forms after 4 days

42
Q

How many cells is the morula?

A

16-32

43
Q

What two key cells are found in the morula / Blastocyte?

What do these go on to form

A

Outer cell mass - Trophoblast - Placenta

Inner Cell Mass - Embryoblast - Embryo

44
Q

What is also present with the two type of cells in a blastocyte?

At what day is this formed? How is this done?

A

Fluid Filled Cavity

By Day 5 via osmosis

45
Q

What is monogenic genetic cause of prenatal defects?

A

Defective gene on autosome - inherited

46
Q

What is a chromosomal genetic cause of prenatal defects

A

Numerical / structural changes during translocations / seperation etc.

I.e. Downs Syndrome

47
Q

What day does hatching / implantation of the blastocyte occur?

A

Day 5-6

IMS (25 decks)

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