Topic 2 (histology)

Question 1

When confirming responses to drugs, post op treatment is called what?

Answer 1

Adjuvant

Question 2

When confirming responses to drugs, pre op treatment is called what?

Answer 2

Neoadjuvant

Question 3

What are the first 5 steps of histology

Answer 3

Obtaining tissue
Fixation 
Cutting 
Tissue processing
Section cutting / mounting

Question 4

What are the final 5 steps of histology

Answer 4

Section staining
Section scanning
Microscopy
Diagnosis
Prognosis

Question 5

Why does fixing need to be done fast?

Answer 5

Tissue starts to dehydrate fast

Question 6

Purpose of fixation other than dehydration (3)

Answer 6

Stops intrinsic autolysis

Prevents putrefaction

Increases mechanical strength

Question 7

How does formalin work?

Answer 7

Forms protein covalent cross links

Question 8

Whats formalin good for?

What formalin bad for?

Answer 8

Good tissue morphology

Poor DNA / RNA preservation

Question 9

What does glutaraldehyde used for?

What does it need (2)

Answer 9

EM

Needs small samples / low temperature

Question 10

What does freezing do (bad)

Answer 10

Poor morphology but fast

Question 11

For cytology smears, what fixative is used?

Answer 11

Ethanol

Question 12

Once cutting is done, where is it placed into?

Answer 12

A cassette

Question 13

List the processing of tissue processing

Answer 13

Dehydration
Clearing
Wax infiltration
Embedding

Question 14

How is the dehydration stage done in tissue processing?

Answer 14

Adding of alcohol

removes water

Question 15

What is used to remove alcohol from tissue processing

Answer 15

Xylene

Question 16

What is used to remove xylene for wax infiltration

Answer 16

Paraffin wax

Question 17

With the embedding stage, what is finally formed?

Answer 17

Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Tissue (FFPET)

Question 18

What is used in section cutting/mounting

Answer 18

Microtomy

Question 19

How does Haematoxylin work?

Answer 19

Stains Acidic (DNA/Nuclei) purple

Question 20

How does Eosin work?

Answer 20

Stains Basic (structures) pink

Question 21

What does PAS detect?

Answer 21

Mucins + BM + Fungal organisms

Question 22

If gram stain goes blue, what bacteria?

Answer 22

Positive bacteria

Question 23

Giemsa stain looks for what?

Answer 23

H.pylori

Question 24

Grocotts stain stains what?

Answer 24

Fungi walls

Question 25

Oil red O stains what?

Answer 25

Fat cells

Question 26

Why is fat tissue frozen?

Answer 26

Tissue processing removes fat

Question 27

Orcein stains what? specifically for what bacteria

Answer 27

Copper associated proteins

Hep B Ag

Question 28

Perls stain stains what? (2)

Answer 28

Iron

Asbestos bodies

Question 29

Ziehl nelson stains what?

Answer 29

Mycobacterium

Question 30

what measurement can be used in histology for characteristics?

Answer 30

Breslow Thickness