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IMS > Topic 5 - Embryology Gastrulation > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Embryology Gastrulation Flashcards

1
Q

Those that have complete situs inversus have what type of syndrome associated with it

A

Kartagener Syndrome

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2
Q

The Dorsal Aspect forms what end?

A

Neural Groove End

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3
Q

The Ventral Aspect forms what end?

A

Endoderm end

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4
Q

The definitive Endoderm layer is formed on which days

A

16

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5
Q

How is the definitive endoderm layer formed?

A

Epiblast cells migrate towards primitive streak

Replaces hypoblast cells and pushes them away

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6
Q

Mesoderm formation is formed on what day?

A

16

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7
Q

How is the mesoderm layer formed?

A

Epiblast cells move through primitive streak

Forms middle layer between definitive endoderm and epiblast layer

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8
Q

How is the ectoderm formed?

A

Formed from remaining epiblast cells

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9
Q

Epiblast cells forms what 3 structures?

A

Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm

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10
Q

Adrenal Medulla // Lens of eyes // Epidermis of skin //Pituitary gland is formed from what layer?

A

Ectoderm

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11
Q

Dermis of skin // Epithelial lining of blood vessels // Heart // Spleen // Reproductive systems is formed from what layer?

A

Mesoderm

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12
Q

Pancreas // Gallbladder // Thymus // Thyroid Gland // Epithelial lining of respiratory tract is formed from what layer?

A

Endoderm

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13
Q

Paraxial Mesoderm is forms what part of the body? (2)

A

Skeleton muscles // Dermis of skin

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14
Q

Intermediate Mesoderm forms what part of the body? (3)

A

Gonads // Internal Reproductive tract // Kidneys

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15
Q

Lateral Mesoderm forms what part of the body?

A

Lining of blood vessels

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16
Q

Notochordal Process forms on what day?

A

Day 17

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17
Q

the Paraxial Mesoderm forms what blocks?

On what day do these form?

A

Somites

Day 20

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18
Q

At what region do the formation of Somites start from?

What end do they go towards?

A

Cranial End

Caudal end

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19
Q

How many pairs of Somites is created per day? At what point does the number of pairs terminate at?

A

3/4 pairs a day

42/44 pairs have formed

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20
Q

What can the formation of somities be used for clinically?

A

Used to estimate the age of the embryo

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21
Q

Abnormalities of the urogenital and lower limbs caused by abnormal gastrulation is what?

A

Sirenomelia

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22
Q

What causes Sirenomelia?

A

Insufficient mesoderm formation at Caudal Region

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23
Q

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma is caused by what?

A

Over production of mesoderm layer in Caudal Region

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24
Q

Prevalance of Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (M/F)

A

80% women

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25
How is the Notochordal Process formed?
Regression of the Primitive Streak Forms hollow tube
26
Primitive Streak is formed by what 3 components in order from Cranial to Caudal
Primitive Pit Primitive Node Primitive Groove
27
How is the Notochord form?
Notochordal Process forms with endoderm to form Notochordal plate Notochordal Plate retracts from endoderm forming solid Notochord
28
What does the notochord initiate? How does it do this? What day does this occur
Neurulation + Vertebrae Formation Causes ectoderm to thicken to form Neural Plate from neuroectoderm /// Organises Somites into Vertebrae blocks Day 19
29
What does the notochord differentiate the Somites into? (3)
Sclerotome Myotome Dermatome
30
What is the role of the sclerotome? How does it do this?
Forms bone // cartilage Sclerotome surround Notochord to form Vertebral Body which surrounds neural tube to form Vertebral Arch
31
Myotome forms what? Dermatome forms what?
Skeletal Muscle Dermis layer
32
What happens to the notochord?
Degenerates Forms nucleus pulposus
33
What day does the folding of the neural edges occur from the neural plate
Day 20
34
Fusion of the neural folds occurs on what day? What area does it begin folding from? What region does it continue to
Day 22 Begins at Cervical (neck) region Continues Cranially and Caudally
35
How does the Neural Tube form?
As neural folds fuse, the tube separates from the ectoderm
36
The Anterior Neuropore forms on what day?
Day 25
37
The Posterior Neuropore forms on what day?
Day 28
38
The Cranial end of the Neural Tube forms what?
Brain
39
The Caudal end of the Neural Tube forms what?
Spinal Cord
40
What is the cause of anecephaly
Failure of fusion of the anterior Neuropore
41
What part of the brain is affected in anecephaly?
the forebrain
42
Rachischisis is caused by what?
Failure of fusion of the posterior Neuropore
43
in Rachischisis, what is left exposed which is prone to high risk of infection?
Neural Flat Plate
44
Spina Bifida is caused by what?
Abnormal Induction of Sclerotomes
45
In Meningocele, what occurs?
meninges expand through vertebrae to form meninges sac
46
In Myelomeningocele, what occurs?
Meninges and spinal cord form meninges sac
47
What is found to reduce rates of Neural Tube Defects (NTD)
Folic Acid
48
What are neural crest cells?
they are detached Lateral Edge cells from the neural tube when the lateral edges start to fold
49
Where do Neural crest cells go to and do what?
Migrate laterally and ventrally to form different structures throughout body
50
Give 3 derivatives of neural crest cells
Septum of heart Teeth Adrenal Medulla
51
Neurofibromatosis is caused by what? What is its role? What happens in this condition
Genetic Mutation in Neurofibromin (NF1) Tumour Suppressor Gene switched off
52
What happens in Neurofibromatosis
Increased Cell division --> Benign tumours of Nervous system // Skin // Cranial Bones
53
What two ways of folding occurs in the embryo at week 4
Craniocaudal folding Lateral Folding
54
Which sac sizes stays the same and which is constantly increasing?
Amniotic sac increases Yolk Sac stays the same
55
What happens in lateral folding
Amniotic sac expands and pushes lateral edges down Edges than fuse in most areas
56
What edges / areas in lateral folding dont fuse together? Why?
At mid gut Yolk sac in the way
57
What is the vitelline duct?
Duct that forms between yolk sac and gut
58
In Craniocaudal folding, what is formed which is connected to the faetal bladder
Allantois Formation
59
What is ectopia cordis What causes it
Heart outside of body Lateral folding failure in thoracic region
60
What is Gastroschisis What causes it
Intestines out of the body Lateral folding failure in the abdomen region

IMS (25 decks)

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