Topic 13 Muscles + Nerves Flashcards
1
Q
Multipolar neurone (2)
A
Single long axon
Many dendrites
2
Q
Unipolar neurone
A
Sensory ganglia
3
Q
Bipolar neurone
A
Retina
4
Q
White matter Structure
A
Axons Carry information to/fro brain
5
Q
Grey matter role
A
cell bodies in sensory / motor nuclei
6
Q
what stain is used for myelin
A
Weigert
7
Q
White matter stains what colour and why
A
Dark - a lot of myelin
8
Q
Grey matter stains what colour and why
A
Light - a lot of cell bodies
9
Q
Ganglia contains what (2)
A
Ganglion cells + satellite cells
10
Q
Sensory ganglia are what type of neurones
A
Afferent neurones
11
Q
Autonomic ganglia are what type of neurones
A
efferent neurones
12
Q
The epineurium covers what
A
whole nerve
13
Q
A perineurium covers what
A
Fasicle
14
Q
Endoneurium covers what
A
Individual nerve axons
15
Q
A fasicle is what
A
bundle of nerve fibres
16
Q
Epdendymal // oligodendrocytes // microglia // astrocytes // schwann cells / satellite cells
are all ranges of what
A
Neuroglia
17
Q
function of neuroglia (3)
A
Regulate neurone metabolism
Regulate BBB
Destroy pathogens
18
Q
Metabolic exchange between neurons + blood
Support framework
Restricts substance across BB barrier
Promotes Neurone growth
A
Astrocytes
19
Q
Immune defence
Phagocytic
A
Microglia
20
Q
Lines ventricles + central spinal canal
Produces CSF
Cilia on luminal side
A
Ependyma
21
Q
Myelinate axons
Common in white matter
A
Oligodendrocytes
22
Q
Two main types of peripheral nervous system (PNS)
A
Satellite
Schwann
23
Q
What cell type phagocytes dying nerve cells
A
Schwann
24
Q
Myelination is done by what cell in the PNS
A
Schwann
25
Myelination is done by what cell in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
26
Demyelinating myelinoclastic diseases are caused by what
Toxins // infection // chemicals
27
Demyelinating leukodystrophic is caused by what
Myelin abnormal
Genetics
Idiopathic
28
Somatic nervous system role
Innervates + controls voluntary + striated muscles
29
sympathetic postganglionic transmitter
Noradrenaline
30
Proprioception nerve class
Alpha (largest / fastest)
31
Touch/pressure nerve class
Beta
32
Motor - muscle spindles nerve class
Gamma
33
Pain / Cold / Touch nerve class
Delta (smallest / slowest)
34
Deep dermis / tendons / joints / genitalia
Vibration / deep pressure
Fast adapting
Pacinian Corpuscles
35
Oral mucosa / lips / genitalia / finger trips
Touch / vibration / light pressure
Rapid adapting
Meissners / Krauses Bulbs
36
Deep dermis / ligaments / joint capsules
Stretch / deep pressure
Very slow adapting
Ruffini Organs
37
Resting potential
-65mV
38
Nernst Equation
Determines equilibrium for any ion
39
Phase 1 AP
Na channel open
Na enter
40
Phase 2 AP
Threshold reached (-40mV)
voltage gated open
Na+ spike
41
Phase 3 AP
Na close (30mV)
K+ voltage open
K+ flow out of cell
42
Phase 4
Na+ channel close (-80mV)
Hyperpolarisation
43
In the absolute refractory period, what can not be elicted
AP
44
What type of receptor in the muscle is stimulated when passively stretched
Muscle Spindle
45
When is the Muscle Spindle switched off
Muscle contraction
46
what receptor responds to excessive tension
Golgi Tendon Organ
47
What does the golgi tendon organ do
causes relaxation of muscle
48
Role of ionotropic receptors
Depolarise post synaptic cells
49
Glutamate + acetylcholine causes influx of what
What does this lead to in a postsynaptic cell
Influx of Na
EPSP (excitatory post-synaptic potential)
50
What can a EPSP do
Initiate AP
51
GABA / Glycine causes an influx of what
What does this lead to
Influx of Cl
Leads to IPSP inhibiting AP
52
feather like shape muscle group
Pennate
53
Fusiform muscles are what shaped
Spindle shaped
54
circular muscle groups surround what
Body opening / orifice
55
Striated
Multinucleated
Voluntary
Attached to skeleton
Skeletal Muscle
56
Striated
Single nucleus
Involuntary
Branched
Cardiac Muscle
57
Non striated
Single nucleus
Involuntary
Smooth Muscle
58
Myosin contains what structure
2 heavy + 2 light
59
Ca binds to what region of Troponin
TnC region
60
what happens when Ca binds to TnC on Troponin
Moves tropomyosin
exposes Binding site on Actin
61
Myosin head with ADP + PI bind to what
Exposed actin filament
62
Myosin head bends after being exposed to actin filament leading to what (2)
Pulls actin filament
ADP + Pi released
63
In the cross bridge theory what initiates the power stroke
Inorganic phosphate
64
Concentric contractions leads to what in a muscle
Muscle shortening
65
Eccentric contraction leads to what in muscles
Muscle Lengthening
66
Motor unit consists of what (2)
Motor neuron
Muscle fibres
67
what reflects the time for excitation-contraction coupling
Latent Period
68
When does the contraction phase end
What happens to Cytosolic Ca
Ends when muscle tension peaks
Ca increasing
69
When tension levels plateau and Ca rise to peak levels what is this called
Tetanus
70
inherent delay at the NMJ is what
0.5-1ms
71
what subunits present on Nicotinic receptor (NAcH)
2a (what AcH binds)
1b
1d
1g
72
1 quantum is how many AcH in 1 vesicle
5000 AcH
73
MEPP -
What are they
Minature End Plate Potentials
Additive
74
Co-enzyme A is responsible for making what
Acetyl CoA from Acetate
75
how does AcH get into vesicles (what gradient)
H+ gradient (H leaves)
76
Synapsin is found on what
what does it anchor to
Vesicles
Actin filaments
77
V-snare is found on what
what does it bind to on the membrane
Vesicle
T snare
78
Tubocurarine is what
Non Depolarising competitive nAChR antagonist
79
how does Tubocurarine work
competes with AcH for nicotinic receptor
80
what does the effect of Tubocurarine lead to
Muscle paralysis
81
Succinylcholine is what
Depolarising nAChR agonist
82
Succinylcholine leads to what
Flaccid Paralysis
83
if Succinylcholine is administered with halothane what does this lead to
Malignant hyperthermia
84
Neostigmine // edrophonium are what
Cholinesterases inhibitors
85
Neostigmine is used for
Treating myasthenia gravis
86
Edrophonium is used for what
diagnosing myasthenia gravis
87
what is given as an antidote to nerve gas agents
Atropine
88
puffer fish / newts / toads have what toxin
Tetrodotoxin
89
Tubocurarine is a toxin found in what
what does it bind to
Arrow poison
binds to nAcH receptor
90
Inhibition of Ca channels + autoimmune condition present in 60yr older is what syndrome
what synaptic disorder is it
Lambert Eaton Syndrome
Presynaptic disorder
91
Lambert Eaton Syndrome is associated with what
Small cell lung cancer
92
```
o Fatigue
o Weakness in limb muscle groups
o Abnormal reflexes
o Dry mouth
Xerostomia
Insufficient saliva production
o Doesn’t usually affect respiratory /facial / eye muscles
o Hyperhidrosis
o Areflexia
```
Lambert eaton syndrome
93
Electromyography + chest xray can be used for what diagnosis
Lambert Eaton Syndrome
94
How does amifampridine work
what is it used in
blocks K+ channel
AP increased
More AcH released
Lambert Eaton Syndrome
95
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune condition against what
what sort of synaptic disorder is it
nAcH
Post synaptic disorder
96
women at early age w/hyperplasia
men at older age w/cancer of thymus
what do these lead to
Myasthenia Gravis
97
Neostigmine binds to cholinesterase how
covalent bond
98
Is cardiac muscle smaller than skeletal
yes
| 100um x 15um
99
how many nuceli does each cardiac cell contain
1-2 nuclei
100
how much of a cardiac cell is mitochondria
30%
101
how much of a skeletal cell is mitochondria
2%
102
mechanical coupling in an intercalated disk is done by what
Desmosomes (macula adherens)
103
Electrical coupling in an intercalated disk is done by what
gap junction
104
Fascia adherens role
anchor site for actin
105
Contractile cell dont do what
initiate their own AP
106
what potential is found in auto-rhythmic cells
no resting membrane potential
107
Wolff-Parkinsons-White Syndrome is a disorder of what?
What electrical pathway does it go down instead
Disorder of conduction system of heart
bundle of kent
108
what does Wolff-Parkinsons-White lead to
Supraventricular Tachycardia
109
Phase 0 of a ventricular AP
Na Channel Open
110
Phase 1 of ventricular AP
Na Channel close
111
Phase 2 of ventricular AP (2)
Ca channel open
Fast K+ close
112
Phase 3 of ventricular AP (2)
Ca Channel close
Slow K+ open
113
Phase 4 of ventricular AP
resting potential
114
SA + AV node AP upstroke is dependent on what
Ca
115
Ventricular upstroke is dependent on what
Na
116
Class 1 antiarrhymic agents
Sodium channel blockers
117
what do Class 1 antiarrhymic agents treat
Ventricular ectopies
118
Class 2 antiarrhymic agents
Beta blockers
119
Class 2 antiarrhymic agents do what
decrease sympathetic nervous system
120
Class 3 antiarrhymic agents
Potassium channel blocker
121
Class 3 antiarrhymic agents do what
prolong repolarization
122
Class 4 antiarrhymic agents
calcium channel blockers
123
Class 4 antiarrhymic agents do what
Reduce contractility of heart
124
in Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling, where does a AP arrive at?
What does this open
Arrives at T tubules
Opens L-type Ca channels
125
digoxin inhibits what
what does this increase concentration of
inhibits Na/K ATPase
increases intracellular Ca
126
AcH in the parasympathetic stimulates what nerve
Vagus nerve
127
Frank starling law
resting length of cardiac muscle set below optimum
128
in dilated cardiomyopathy, what happens to the heart
enlarges
129
in dilated cardiomyopathy, what happens to the lungs + heart failure
Fluid build up in lungs
Left heart failure
130
if theres a build up of fluid in tissues / organs / swelling of ankles what could this be caused by
Right heart failure
131
Myocardial disarray can be caused by what
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
132
causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Genetic mutation
133
2 layers of SM
circular layer
Longitudinal layer
134
What muscle has more actin than myosin
Smooth muscle
135
What is not found in SM (3)
no sarcomeres
No striations
No T tubules
136
Instead of T tubules in SM, what is found instead
Caveolae
137
what does Ca bind to in SM
Calmodulin
138
What does Calmodulin interact with
what does this phosphorylate
Myosin kinase
Myosin
139
when Ca decreases in SM what happens
calmodulin complex dissociates and inactivates myosin kinase
140
what is the most common unit in SM
when does it contract
Single unit
in response to stretch
141
what unit of SM allows fine control but is slow and allows sustained contraction
what does it lack
multi-unit
lacks gap junctions
142
benign growth in female reproductive tract
Leiomyoma (fibroids)
143
Leiomyoma is common in what race
which women are also prone to this
afro-caribbean
women approaching menopause
144
Symptoms of Leiomyoma
heavy uterine bleeding
