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Epidemiology - MIDTERM 2 > Topic 57 - Bluetongue > Flashcards

Topic 57 - Bluetongue Flashcards

1
Q

Causative agent of bluetongue

A

Orbivirus genus, under sedoreoviridae family - reovirus

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2
Q

Definition of bluetongue disease

A

Disease transmitted by insect vector, we can see endothel-damages in sheep and cattle

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3
Q

Which species is most sensitive to bluetongue disease?

A

sheep

Cattle is less sensitive, but still show clinical signs

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4
Q

Occurence of bluetongue disease:

A

Worldwide distribution, mostly in warmer regions

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5
Q

When was bluetongue disease introduced to Europe?

A

1998

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6
Q

When did bluetongue disease arrive to Hungary?

A

2007

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7
Q

How many serotypes of bluetongue disease:

A

29

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8
Q

Protection of serotypes of bluetongue disease:

A

The vaccine should contain the serotypes which actually causes the problems at the certain geographical areas

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9
Q

Host susceptibility of bluetongue disease:

A

sheep
cattle
goat - more resistance, rarely see clinical signs

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10
Q

is bluetongue notifiable or not?

A

it is notifiable

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11
Q

Which season is it most common to get infected with bluetongue disease?

A

In mosquito season: late spring, summer and early autumn

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12
Q

How can bluetongue disease be spread?

A
  1. with the wind = 50-250km distance
  2. Transport of infected ruminants.
  3. with semen
  4. Transplacental infection
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13
Q

How long can sheep carry bluetongue disease?

A

2 months

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14
Q

How long can cattle carry bluetongue disease?

A

asymptomatic carriers

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15
Q

Outcome of transplacental infection of bluetongue disease:

A

immunotolerance = They dont produce antibodies against the virus

We also see:
1. Abortions due to placental vessel damage
2. developmental problems, mostly the brain is affected

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16
Q

Pathogenesis of bluetongue disease:

A

There is a mosquito bite, the virus is injected into the blood and we have a small replication there. We have a primary multiplication and a viraemia, and a second replication in the endothel cells which will cause oedemas and haemorrhages

17
Q

Primary replication site of bluetongue disease:

A

Lymphatic tissue

18
Q

At what day of infection of bluetongue disease does viraemia occur?

A

day 5-11

19
Q

Incubation time of bluetongue disease

A

3-7 days

20
Q

Clinical signs in sheep infected with bluetongue disease:

A
  1. Fever, depression and dyspnoea (first signs)
  2. conjunctivits
  3. eyelid-oedema
  4. Lacrimation
  5. Oedema under the skin, on ears, head, chin and neck
  6. muscle damages = movement problems
  7. enteritis in lambs
  8. loss of wool
    9 abortion
21
Q

mortality in sheep infected with bluetongue disease:

A

10%, mostly young or weak animals

22
Q

Clinical signs in cattle infected with bluetongue disease:

A

Usually subclinical infections - no clinical signs, therefore hard to recognize

If clinical signs:
1. nasal discharge
2. reduced milk production
3. oedema
4. muzzle erosions
5. ulcerations
6. abortions

23
Q

Clinical signs in goats infected with bluetongue disease:

A

subclinical carriers

24
Q

How to diagnose bluetongue disease:

A
  1. seasonlatiy
  2. clinical signs
  3. pathology

These will give a good suspicion, but we also have to do virus detection and serology

25
Q

Virus detection method of bluetongue disease:

A

RT-PCR

Since the bluetongue disease is notifiable, virus identification is important for the diagnosis

26
Q

Serology method for bluetongue disease:

A

ELISA and virus neutralisation

We can detect of the animal was vaccinated or not

27
Q

Why is virus neutralisation needed in case of bluetongue disease?

A

Due to cross-reactions. To determine the antibody specificity, to see which serotype that was the cause of the infection - for vaccines

28
Q

Differential diagnosis of bluetongue disease, viral diseases:

A

Everythign with mucous membrance damages, oedema, haemorrhages, cyanosis, endothel cel damages

  1. FMD
  2. Sheep pox
  3. IBR
  4. BVD
  5. Malignant catarrhal fever
29
Q

Prevention and control in bluetongue disease free countries:

A
  1. Restrictions
  2. Slaughter of affected animals
  3. Vector control
  4. prevention of introduction, quarantine
  5. Separation of seropositive pregnant animals
30
Q

Prevention and control in bluetongue disease endemic countries:

A

(mostly Africa)

Use attenuated vaccines

31
Q

What can happen if the vaccine is by a live strain?

A

It can shed, there is an infection of mosquitos and there is a risk of reversion. This is because it is a RNA virus, it can regain its virulence

Epidemiology - MIDTERM 2 (35 decks)

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