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Epidemiology - MIDTERM 2 > Topic 56 - Reoviral diseases of poultry > Flashcards

Topic 56 - Reoviral diseases of poultry Flashcards

1
Q

causative agent of reoviral disease of poultry:

A

Orthoreovirus genus, reovirus order

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2
Q

How many protein layers does orthoreovirus have?

A

2 concentric protein layers, 1 inner capsid and 1 outer capsid

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3
Q

Inner capsid of orthoreovirus

A

It covers the segmented, double strained RNA genome, which have 10 segments: 3 large, 3 medium and 4 are small. Every segment can translate 1 protein, except the small - can translate 2-3

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4
Q

Outer capsid of orthoreovirus

A

Contains numerous spurs around the membrane pore

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5
Q

How many species does orthoreovirus have?

A

10 species

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6
Q

How many serotypes of orthoreovirus?

A

15

4 mammalian serotypes
11 avian serotypes

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7
Q

Which species are susceptible for mammalian orthoreovirus infection?

A

cattle, sheep, horse, swine, rabbit, humans

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8
Q

Occurence of mammalian orthoreovirus infection in cattle

A

Worldwide

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9
Q

how is mammalian orthoreovirus infection in cattle shed?

A

with faeces and sometimes nasal discharge

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10
Q

transmission route of mammalian orthoreovirus infection in cattle:

A

per os and air-borne infections

Oro-nasal route

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11
Q

Clincal signs in case of mammalian orthoreovirus infection in cattle:

A

Mainly seen in calves, because the colostral uptake is not good.

  1. Mild enteritis
  2. Respiratory signs
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12
Q

How long can colostral antibodies protect calves in case of mammalian orthoreovirus infection?

A

5 months

But if colostral uptake is bad, then we can see infections before the 5 months

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13
Q

mammalian orthoreovirus infection in sheep:

A

In the background of respiratory and enteric diseases of LAMBS

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14
Q

mammalian orthoreovirus infection in horse:

A

Usually with bacterial co-infections, and we see coughing and nasal discharge

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15
Q

Which bacterual co-infections can we see in horses in case of mammalian orthoreovirus infection

A
  1. Streptococcus
  2. Rhodococci
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16
Q

mammalian orthoreovirus infection in swine:

A

We see diarrhoea and ecepahlitis

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17
Q

Occurrence of mammalian orthoreovirus infection in swine:

A

Japan, china and USA (Minnesota and Iowa)

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18
Q

mammalian orthoreovirus infection in rabbit:

A

We see diarrhoea in young animals

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19
Q

mammalian orthoreovirus infection in humans:

A

presumably zonoosis!
We see flu-like symptoms: sneezing, coughing

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20
Q

occurrence of Avian orthoreovirus

A

Worldwide

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21
Q

Susceptibility of Avian orthoreovirus:

A

Mainly chicken!

But also: turkey, goose, Muscovy duck

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22
Q

Age infected with Avian orthoreovirus:

A

The virus is age-dependent resistant!

Over 10 weeks of age only infection but no clinical signs

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23
Q

How is Avian orthoreovirus shed?

A

With faeces and discharges

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24
Q

Which of Avian and mammalian orthoreovirus cause more frequently clinical signs?

A

Avian orthoreovirus

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25
Q

How long can Avian orthoreovirus survive and in what do the virus survive in?

A

Survive in the environment.

In 20 degree = 1 year
In 4 degree = 3 years

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26
Q

Transmission route of Avian orthoreovirus:

A

Per os
Air-borne
Transcutaneous infection, by injuries

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27
Q

How many types does the Avian orthoreovirus have? name them:

A

2

  1. Trypsin resistant strain
  2. Trypsin sensitive strain
28
Q

Which of the two types of Avian orthoreovirus are more severe?

A

Trypsin sensitive strain

29
Q

Transmission route of trypsin resistant strain of Avian orthoreovirus

A

Per os Infections, causing Diarrhoea

30
Q

Transmission route of trypsin sensitive strain of Avian orthoreovirus

A

Air-norne
Transcutaneous

31
Q

site of replication of Avian orthoreovirus:

A

Enterocytes and in the bursa fabricii

32
Q

Pathogenesis of Avian orthoreovirus

A

After infection, we have the primary replication causing epithel damage and viraemia. The viramiea can cause inflammation of the tendon sheaths and joints.

33
Q

Avian orthoreovirus infection, what can the inflammation of tendon sheaths and joints cause?

A

Sometimes the inflammation can cause necrotic and inflammatory foci in the visceral organs (spleen, pancreas and liver)

34
Q

Isolation of Avian orthoreovirus:

A

Often we can see several strains from clinically healthy birds

35
Q

Factors influencing the severity of Avian orthoreovirus-infection:

A
  1. Age
  2. Immunological stage
  3. Virulence and biotype of the virus strain
  4. Infection route
  5. co-infections!!
36
Q

Diseases caused by Avian orthoreovirus:

A
  1. Tenosynovitis and arthritis
  2. Helicopter disease
  3. PEMS = Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome
  4. Immunosuppression
37
Q

Clinical signs of Tenosynovitis and arthritis:

A
  1. Lameness
  2. Swollen knee, mostly metatarsal joints
  3. arthritis
  4. Haemorrhages under the skin
  5. swollen thoracic bursa
  6. rupture of the Gastrocnemius tendon, due to which we see deformed toe
38
Q

Age susceptibility of Tenosynovitis and arthritis:

A

4-8 week old broilers

39
Q

Morbidity of Tenosynovitis and arthritis:

A

5-50%

40
Q

Mortality of Tenosynovitis and arthritis:

A

2-10%

41
Q

Recover time of Tenosynovitis and arthritis

A

Within 4-6 days

In milder cases

42
Q

Pathological lesions in case of Tenosynovitis and arthritis:

A
  1. Arthritis in the knee and metatarsal joint
  2. Deformed toes
  3. Haemorrhages
  4. Erosions in the synovial cartilage
  5. Rupture of the M. Gastrocnemius
  6. Villus proliferation
  7. Ankylosis can also be found
43
Q

Laboratory methods to diagnose Tenosynovitis and arthritis:

A

Virus isolation with embryonated eggs and chicken liver

Chicken liver: can check the cytoplasmic effect

We do RT-PCR, ELISA

44
Q

Why do we do PCR in case of Tenosynovitis and arthritis?

A

Because the Tenosynovitis and arthritis is contaminated with bacterial infections, we have to detect the reovirus in the background (PCR) and sometimes we find the adenovirus instead (same clinical signs)

45
Q

Prevention methods against Tenosynovitis and arthritis:

A
  1. Avoid early infection with good hygiene
  2. Immunisation with vaccine
46
Q

What type of vaccine is used against Tenosynovitis and arthritis?

A

We vaccinate against reovirus, using a ATTENUATED or INACTIVATED vaccine, or even a combined vaccine can be used

47
Q

In case of Tenosynovitis and arthritis, how long does yolk immunity last?

A

5-7 weeks

48
Q

Which age do we vaccinate against Tenosynovitis and arthritis, with the attenuated strain?

A

at the age of 5-7 weeks, and then a repetition on week 11

49
Q

Which age do we vaccinate against Tenosynovitis and arthritis, with the inactivated strain?

A

Before laying season, 18-22 week of age

50
Q

Sometimes the reovirus can cause a “generalised form”, which chickens are susceptible and what can we see?

A

Mainly found in immunosuppressed chickens

We see:
necrosis, inflammation and degenerative processes i the visceral organs, and we see a enlarged+haemorrhagic kidney

51
Q

Prevention methods for generalised form of reovirus:

A
  1. Technology
  2. Hygiene
  3. Vaccinations
52
Q

Other forms of avian orthoreoviruses:

A
  1. Runting-Stunting-Syndrome (RSS)
  2. Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS)
53
Q

Turkey orthoreovirus, what is it, and what does it cause?

A

It is a multifactoria disease

Causes:
1. Tenosynovitis
2. PEMS (Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome)

54
Q

Turkey orthoreovirus, causing tenosynovitis, what can we see?

A
  1. Inflammation of the joints
55
Q

Pathological lesions of tenosynovitis caused by Turkey orthoreovirus

A

The gastrocnemius and the flexor tendons of the toes are mostly affected

56
Q

Turkey orthoreovirus, causing PEMS, what can we see?

A
  1. Diarrhoea
  2. reduced food intake
57
Q

Pathological lesions of PEMS caused by Turkey orthoreovirus

A
  1. tissue lesions
  2. inflammation in the liver, spleen and bursa fabricii
58
Q

Orthoreovirus of waterfowl, how many virus types can we see? name them

A

2

  1. Classical
  2. New typed
59
Q

Susceptible species of classical Orthoreovirus of waterfowl:

A

musck duck
goose

60
Q

Susceptible species of new typed Orthoreovirus of waterfowl:

A

musck duck
goose
duck
mallard

61
Q

What can we see in case of Orthoreovirus of waterfowl?

A
  1. Tenosynovitis
  2. Arthritis
  3. Diarrhoea
62
Q

Pathological lesions in case of Orthoreovirus of waterfowl infection:

A
  1. Liver and spleen is enlarged
  2. necrotic foci in liver and spleen
  3. kidney enlarged with haemoerrhages
  4. Pericarditis
  5. Tenosynovitis
63
Q

Other species that can be infected with orthoreoviruses:

A
  1. Pheasant
  2. Grey partridge
  3. Ostriches
  4. Crow
  5. American woodcock
  6. Parrots
  7. Canadian tit
64
Q

Susceptible species of reptile reovirus:

A
  1. lizard
  2. snakes
  3. turles
65
Q

clinical signs in case of reovirus in reptiles:

A

often subclinical, but sometimes we see RESPIRATORY SIGNS and co-infections with bacterial adenoviral and paramyxoviral infections

Epidemiology - MIDTERM 2 (35 decks)

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