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Epidemiology - MIDTERM 2 > Topic 37 - Foot and mouth disease > Flashcards

Topic 37 - Foot and mouth disease Flashcards

1
Q

Susceptible species for FMD:

A

even-toed ungulates

Ruminants, swine, guinea pig, hedgehog, dog, human

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2
Q

FMD is a tad disease, what does it mean?

A

Transboundary Animal Disease

= highly contagious and transmissible epidemic diseases of livestock which have the capability for rapid spread to new areas and regions regardless of national borders and have serious socio-economic and public health consequences

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3
Q

Factors of FMD:

A
  1. Regional political crisis
  2. Migration in North Africa and Middle East
  3. High demand for animal products in East Asia
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4
Q

Defintion of FMD:

A

contagious, extremely rapid spreading, acute disease of even-toed ungluates

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5
Q

How many % of all livestock is affected by FMD?

A

77%

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6
Q

Which areas are sporadic of FMD?

A

Europe

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7
Q

Which areas are free of FMD?

A

North- and Central America
Australia
New Zealand
Japan since 2010

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8
Q

Which areas are endemic of FMD?

A

Turkey
Middle-East
Arabic peninsula
Africa
Asia
South-America

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9
Q

Causative agent of FMD:

A

Aphtovirus genus, picornavirus

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10
Q

Is FMD RNA or DNA?

A

RNA, mRNA

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11
Q

Are FMD enveloped or non-enveloped?

A

non-enveloped

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12
Q

How is the resistance of FMD?

A

Good

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13
Q

How long can FMD survive in manure?

A

40 days

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14
Q

How long can FMD survive in frozen meat and milk powder?

A

months

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15
Q

How long can FMD survive in shadow, humid sites of pastures and dirty stalls?

A

weeks

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16
Q

The capsid rule:

A
  1. Protects the genomic RNA
  2. Helps the attachment to cell surface receptors
  3. Helps the virus survive in the environment
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17
Q

From one single infected cell, how many virus particles are produced and how long does it take?

A

Thousands of new particles produced within a few hours = rapid procedure

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18
Q

FMD lifecycle:

A
  1. Per os infection
  2. Virus enters the cell
  3. RNA is freed up
  4. Proteins will be transcribed
  5. The proteins are split and they assemble together as a pentamer
  6. The rest of the RNA will generate new viruses
  7. The RNA is packed within the pentamer covering the RNA genome
  8. The virus will be freed up from the cell in huge numbers

Rapid procedure

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19
Q

How many serotypes does FMD have?

A

7

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20
Q

Name the serotypes of FMD:

A

O
A
C
SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3
Asia 1

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21
Q

Occurrence of serotype O of FMD:

A

Worldwide

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22
Q

Occurrence of serotype A of FMD:

A

Worldwide

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23
Q

Occurrence of serotype C of FMD:

A

Rare
Last detected in Kenya in 2004, might be extinct

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24
Q

Occurrence of serotype SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3 of FMD:

A

Africa
Arabia

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25
Q

Occurrence of serotype Asia 1 of FMD:

A

Asia, Turkey, Middle east

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26
Q

Why is it hard to develop vaccines for all serotypes in one in case of FMD?

A

Because there is no cross-protection

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27
Q

Main host of FMD:

A

cattle + buffalo

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28
Q

Which specie can act as a reservoir and a host?

A

Buffalo

There is no symptoms, but they contain the virus and they spread it silently to other species

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29
Q

Clinical signs of sheep and goat in case of FMD

A

Mild symptoms, can go unnoticed

Goats = vesicles in mouth
Sheep = lameness

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30
Q

Shedding of FMD in Swine

A

They shed 1000-3000 times higher than other animals, but they are sicker for a shorter time

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31
Q

How fast does the shedding start after infection of FMD?

A

9 hours after infection

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32
Q

How is FMD spread?

A
  1. Live animal
  2. Environment
  3. Contaminated feed and water
  4. Vehicles
  5. People
  6. Raw meat (frozen)
  7. Skin
  8. fur
  9. milk
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33
Q

How long can shedding of FMD last?

A

7-11 days long, normally it last for 1-2 weeks

34
Q

How is FMD shed?

A

All body fluids, semen too

35
Q

How long can sheep, goat and cattle be infected with FMD?

A

0.5-3 years

36
Q

How long can swine be infected with FMD?

A

few weeks

37
Q

Presence of FMD in dairy cows:

A

FMD can be present in the milk before clinical signs develop

38
Q

FMD and pasteurization:

A

FMD virus may survive pasteurization depending on the method, especially the lighter methods

39
Q

Infection route of FMD

A

Per os, by air

40
Q

Pathogenesis of FMD:

A

After infection we have a primary virus replication. then we have a viraemia which spreads the virus to the whole body which again will generate vesicles on the animal

41
Q

Site of first replication of FMD:

A

In the laryngeal and pharyngeal mucosae

42
Q

Areas most commonly seen vesicles in case of FMD:

A
  1. Mucosae on mouth, nose and tongue
  2. Skin, especially teats and feet
43
Q

Incubation time of FMD:

A

2-7, but as long as 21 days

44
Q

How can we describe the vesicles of FMD?

A

Tattered edges and have a red base

45
Q

Clinical signs of FMD, before viraemia:

A
  1. fever
  2. decreased milk production
  3. depression

All these due to viraemia

46
Q

Clinical signs of FMD, after viraemia:

A
  1. Mouth vesicles
  2. lameness
  3. Myocarditis
  4. Loss of the hoof - due to damage of the keratin layer
47
Q

severity of mouth vesicles of FMD in cattle and goat

A

Severe

48
Q

severity of mouth vesicles of FMD in sheep and swine:

A

mild

49
Q

clinical signs due to mouth vesicles in case of FMD:

A
  1. Salivation
  2. Bacterial superinfection
50
Q

clinical signs in wild animals infected with FMD:

A

mild symptoms

51
Q

Which animal/age group can develop myocarditis from FMD?

A

Young animals: calves, lambs. piglets
Dogs can also be infected

They might die from this

52
Q

Pathological lesions of FMD:

A
  1. Vesicles and erosions
  2. pale heart in young animals due to myocarditis
53
Q

If FMD is shed in the breath, what is contaminated and what is the route of transmission?

A

Contaminated: air

Route: direct contact with aerosols via Resp. tract

54
Q

If FMD is shed in the secretions and excretions, what is contaminated and what is the route of transmission?

A

Contaminated: people, vehicles, equipment, feed, roads etc

Route: direct contact and indirect contact with secondary aerosols

55
Q

If FMD is shed in the animal products, what is contaminated and what is the route of transmission?

A

Contaminated: milk, meat, rest of carcase

Route: indirect contact via ingestion or secondary aerosols

56
Q

Is FMD notifiable or not?

A

It is notifiable.

Veterinary administration rules are to be applied

57
Q

Which clinical signs make us suspect FMD, and notify?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Salivation
  3. Vesicles
  4. Lameness
58
Q

How do we sample in case of FMD?

A

1g of vesicular wall + fluid

59
Q

Which type of fluid can we sample for FMD?

A
  1. oropharyngeal fluid
  2. saliva
60
Q

Transport and storage of the sample of FMD:

A

refrigerated or on ice, and transportation need to be as fas as possible, not by mail or post.

NOT frozen!!

61
Q

What type of laboratory testing do we do for FMD?

A

Detection of virus: RT-PCR and virus isolation

62
Q

Which test are done to find asymptomatic carriers or vaccinated animals?

A

ELISA or VNT

63
Q

Differential diagnosis of FMD in cattle:

A
  1. Pox
  2. BVD
  3. IBR
  4. Bluetongue
  5. Malignant catarrhal fever
64
Q

Differential diagnosis of FMD in sheep and goat:

A
  1. Ovine parapox
  2. Capripox
  3. Bluetongue
65
Q

Differential diagnosis of FMD in swine:

A
  1. SVD
  2. VES
  3. Vesicular stomatitis
66
Q

Treatment of FMD in endemic regions:

A
  1. Clean environment to help the lesions heal more rapidly
  2. Gentle milking
  3. Treatment of the lesions
  4. Soft litter and feed
  5. Antibiotics to prevent secondary infections
67
Q

Treatment of FMD in FMD-free regions, which areas are free of FMD?

A

No treatment

Europe

68
Q

Prevention of FMD in endemic areas:

A
  1. Movement restrictions
  2. Vaccination
69
Q

Prevention of FMD in FMD-free areas:

A

If suspected infection, we do culling and proper disposal of the dead animals

Protection and surveillance zones

70
Q

How long is protection zone?

A

3 km

71
Q

How long is surveillance zones?

A

10 km

72
Q

FMD vaccine type for cattle:

A

inactivated

73
Q

How long is the protection of cattle vaccine of FMD?

A

6-12 months

74
Q

FMD vaccine type for swine:

A

inactivated

75
Q

How long is the protection of swine vaccine of FMD?

A

3-6 months

76
Q

How often do ve vaccinate cattle for FMD?

A

first 2x/year and then 1x/year

77
Q

How often do ve vaccinate swine for FMD?

A

Vaccine is really only used in emergency cases, not as a regular vaccination

78
Q

Prevention methods of FMD:

A
  1. Ban on import
  2. Observation of general prevention rules
79
Q

Human susceptibility for FMD:

A

moderately susceptible, sometimes seroconversion can happen

80
Q

Clinical signs of FMD in humans:

A
  1. fever
  2. general symptoms
  3. vesicles

Sometimes there are no clinical signs, but the humans can still carry the disease

81
Q

Prevention of FMD for humans:

A
  1. Protective clothes
  2. Gloves
  3. Pasteurized milk

Epidemiology - MIDTERM 2 (35 decks)

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