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Epidemiology - MIDTERM 2 > Topic 33 - Swine vesicular disease and vesicular exanthema of swine > Flashcards

Topic 33 - Swine vesicular disease and vesicular exanthema of swine Flashcards

1
Q

What type of virus is the calicivirus?

A

RNA virus

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2
Q

What is so special with RNA viruses?

A

The mutation rate is very high. RNA viruses can change their antigenic properties, change their antigen proteins by mutation.

There are several variants of a RNA virus

They need specific immunity for 100% protection

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3
Q

Is the calicivirus enveloped or non-enveloped?

A

Non-enveloped

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4
Q

How is the resistance in the environment of calicivirus?

A

HIGH

Resistant to heat, detergents, disinfectants

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5
Q

Is calicivirus stenoxen or eyroxen?

A

Stenoxen. (Narrow)

Infect one or two species

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6
Q

Diseases caused by caliciviruses:

A
  1. Vesicular exanthema of swine virus
  2. Feline calicivirus
  3. Rabbit heamorrhaigc disease
  4. european brown hare virus
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7
Q

Are calicivirus good or bad antigens?

A

Good.

After infection of vaccination we see a long lasting immunity

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8
Q

Causative agent of Vesicular exanthema of swine:

A

Vesivirus genus under the calicivirus family

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9
Q

What is the natural/original host of Vesicular exanthema of swine?

How was it spread to swine?

A

Sea lion

After feeding pigs with sea food, they was infected
After the 1st outbreak it can spread from swine to swine

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10
Q

Is Vesicular exanthema of swine zoonotic?

A

YES

but not very contagious, because we use hygienic rules

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11
Q

How is Vesicular exanthema of swine shed?

A

By saliva and excretes

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12
Q

Incubation time of Vesicular exanthema of swine:

A

1-4 days

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13
Q

Symptoms of Vesicular exanthema of swine:

A
  1. Fever
  2. Anorexia
  3. Depression
  4. Vesicles on mouth, snouts, limbs (causing lameness)
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14
Q

Mortality rate in Vesicular exanthema of swine:

A

Usually low. The animals who die are weak piglets

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15
Q

Is Vesicular exanthema of swine a dangerous disease?

A

not really.

But it is impossible to differentiate from Foot and Mouth disease, other than with laboratory tests

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16
Q

How to diagnose Vesicular exanthema of swine:

A
  1. Clinical signs raise the suspicion of the disease or FMD
  2. Laboratry tests

FMD and Vesicular exanthema of swine are clinically IDENTICAL, so need laboratory test to differentiate

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17
Q

Which laboraty test would you do for Vesicular exanthema of swine?

A

PCR! it is the best method, because it is quick .

Time is very essential, since it also could be FMD

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18
Q

How long can Vesicular exanthema virus survive in the environment?

A

At least 2 weeks

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19
Q

Differential diagnosis of Vesicular exanthema of swine:

A
  1. Foot and mouth disease
  2. Swine vesicular
  3. Vesicular stomatitis
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20
Q

How is the vesicular exanthema of swine spread?

A
  1. Raw sea food
  2. Raw pork side-products
  3. From pig to pig
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21
Q

How to control Vesicular exanthema of swine if there is an outbreak:

A
  1. Restriction zone
  2. Eradication
  3. Heat treatment of meat
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22
Q

How to prevent Vesicular exanthema of swine:

A
  1. Heat treatment of seafood before feeding
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23
Q

Is the swine vesicular disease notifiable or not?

A

It is!

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24
Q

Are there resent reported cases of swine vesicular disease?

A

Not between 2015 and 2023

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25
Q

Causative agent of swine vesicular disease (SVD):

A

Enterovirus genus

26
Q

Susceptible species in case of swine vesicular disease:

A

Pigs only

27
Q

What did swine vesicular disease originate from?

A

It came from humans, there is a large groups of enteroviruses in humans. The coxsackie somehow adapted to swine, and after adapting it cannot be adapted back

28
Q

swine vesicular disease, good or bad resistance?
How long will the virus survive?

A

Good!

Will remain in faeces for several months

29
Q

Transmission route of swine vesicular disease:

A

Direct contact of swine

30
Q

Shedding of swine vesicular disease, how early does it start and for how long does it last?

A

As it is a RNA virus (fast replication), it can shed even before appearance of clinical signs - 48 hours

Lasts for 4 months

31
Q

Can asymptomatic pigs shed the virus in case of swine vesicular disease?

A

yes

32
Q

Can indirect infection happen in case of swine vesicular disease?

A

Yes, because the virus have high resistance. Vehicles with faeces attached to the tires can spread the virus

33
Q

Pathogenesis of swine vesicular disease:

A

Infection - replication in epithelium of GI tract + throat - shed + reach elementary tract - viraemia - other parts of the body

Infection per os. The virus will reach the gut and will replicate in the epithelium of the throat and gut. It will replicate to a higher number, be shed and from the elementary tract it will enter the blood stream, causing viraemia - reaching different parts of the body

34
Q

After viraemia in case of swine vesicular disease, what will happen?

A

Vesicles will be formed. They will rupture, the content will be released and is a source of the virus. The animals do not die, they will recover

35
Q

Can swine vesicular disease cause abortions?

A

If the virus reaches the foetus, it can cause abortion, but this is very rare

36
Q

mortality rate of swine vesicular disease:

A

0%

37
Q

Immune reaction of swine vesicular disease

A

The animals will be seropositive, meaning they will be immune after infection

38
Q

Incubation time of swine vesicular disease

A

2-7 days

39
Q

Clinical signs of swine vesicular disease:

A
  1. Fever - showing there is a viraemia
  2. vesicles - can be seen after viraemia
  3. Lack of appetite (due to the vesicles in the mouth)
40
Q

Preselction site of the vesicles in case of swine vesicular disease

A
  1. Nose (very typical)
  2. Legs
  3. Oral mucous membrane
41
Q

Pathological lesions in case of swine vesicular disease:

A

No lesions

42
Q

How many days before vesicles are ruptured in case of swine vesicular disease?

A

1-2 days

43
Q

Based on what, can we diagnose swine vesicular disease?

A
  1. Epidemiological rules
  2. Clinical signs

There are no pathological lesions

  1. Laboratory examinations
44
Q

Which method to detect the virus in case of swine vesicular disease?

A

RT-PCR

45
Q

Why do we detect antibodies in case of swine vesicular disease?

A

To recognise asymptomatic carries, but they can be seropositive

46
Q

Differential diagnosis in case of swine vesicular disease, name some diseases:

A
  1. FMD !!
  2. Vesicular exanthema of swine
  3. Vesicular stomatitis
  4. Vesicular disease caused by Senecavirus A
47
Q

Prevention measures in case of already introduced swine vesicular disease:

A
  1. Stamping out of infected herds
  2. Movement restrictions
48
Q

Prevention measures in case of non-introduced swine vesicular disease (no infection):

A
  1. Control of traffic of pigs and pork
  2. Ban of swill feeding
  3. Disposal of food waste
49
Q

Is there a vaccine of swine vesicular disease?

A

no commercial vaccine, so we try to prevent the disease

50
Q

There is another swine vesicular disease, but have another causative agent, what is it?

A

Vesicular disease caused by Senecavirus A

51
Q

Transmission route in case of Vesicular disease caused by Senecavirus A:

A

with discharges, with indirect infection

52
Q

Clinical signs in case of Vesicular disease caused by Senecavirus A:

A

Very similar to SVD, but the age affected can be differentiated

53
Q

Age affected by Vesicular disease caused by Senecavirus A:

A

Piglets below 1 week of age = show more severe clinical signs

Grower, fattening pigs

54
Q

Clinical signs in piglets in case of Vesicular disease caused by Senecavirus A:

A
  1. Fever
  2. Depression
  3. Salivation
  4. Diarrhoea
  5. CNS signs
  6. Spasms
  7. Vesicles
55
Q

Clinical signs in growers/fattening pigs in case of Vesicular disease caused by Senecavirus A:

A

Vesicles

56
Q

Pathological lesions of piglets in case of Vesicular disease caused by Senecavirus A:

A
  1. inflammation of the oral mucosa
  2. interstitial pneumonia
  3. encephalitis
57
Q

Pathological lesions of adults in case of Vesicular disease caused by Senecavirus A:

A

they dont die

58
Q

How to diagnose Vesicular disease caused by Senecavirus A

A
  1. epidemiological rules
  2. clinicals signs
59
Q

What do we use to detect the virus in case of Vesicular disease caused by Senecavirus A

A

PCR

60
Q

How to prevent Vesicular disease caused by Senecavirus A

A
  1. General epidemiological measures
  2. Movement restrictions in order to prevent the spread

Epidemiology - MIDTERM 2 (35 decks)

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