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Biology > Topic 4- DNA and Protein synthesis > Flashcards

Topic 4- DNA and Protein synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

The productions of proteins (polypeptides) from the information conatined within a cells DNA

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2
Q

What are the 3 main stages of protein synthesis?

A

-Transcription
-Processsing of the mRNA (splicing)
-Translation

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3
Q

What is transcription?

A

-Where the DNA code is copied into mRNA

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4
Q

What is translation?

A

-Where the mRNA joins with a ribosome and the code it carries is used to synthesise a protein

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5
Q

What is RNA, mRNA and tRNA

A

-A single polynucleotide strand

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6
Q

What base does RNA contain instead of thymine?

A

-Uracil

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7
Q

When is mRNA made?

A

-During transcription

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8
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

-It carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes where it is used to make a protein during translation

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9
Q

In mRNA what are the groups of 3 adjacent bases called?

A

-Codons

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10
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

-Involved with the process of translation
-It carries the amino acids that are used to make proteins to the ribsomes

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11
Q

What is the structure of tRNA?

A

-Single polynucleotide strand thats folded into a clover shape
-Hydrogen bonds between specific base pairs hold the molecule in this shape

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12
Q

in tRNA what are the specific sequence of 3 bases at one end called?

A

-Anticodon

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13
Q

What does tRNA have at its other end?

A

-An amino acid binding site

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14
Q

Where is mRNA found in the cell?

A

-Nucleus

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15
Q

Where is tRNA found in a cell?

A

-In the cytoplasm

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16
Q

Does mRNA have hydrogen bonds?

A

-No

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17
Q

Is mRNA or tRNA longer?

A

-mRNA

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18
Q

What is a genome?

A

-The complete set of genes in a cell,including those in the mitochondria and chlorplast

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19
Q

What is a proteome?

A

-The full range of proteins produced by a particular genome

20
Q

Step 1 transcription: When does transcription start?

A

-When RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA double helix at the begining of a gene

21
Q

Step 1 transcription: How are the DNA strands separated?

A

-DNA helicase attached to RNA polymerase which break the hydrogen bonds between the strands
-The stranbds are separted and the DNA moleccule uncoils which exposes some of the base pairings

22
Q

Step 1 transcription:How is an mRNA copy made?

A

-One of the strands is used a template strand

23
Q

Step 2 transcription:How is complementary mRNA made?

A

-The RNA polymerase lines up free RNA nucleotides alongside the exposed bases on the template strand
-The free bases are attracted ti the exposed bases
-Specific complementary base pairing means that the mRNA strand ends up being a complementary copy of the DNA template strand
-Once the rNA nucleotides have paired up with their specific bases on the DNA strand they are joined together by RNA polymerase forming an mRNA strand

24
Q

Step 3 transcription: How does the RNA polymerase move down the DNA strand?

A

-The RNA polymerase moves along the DNA assembling the mRNA strand
-The hydrogen bonds between the uncoiled strands of DNA reform once RNA polymerase has passed by and the strands coil back up into a double helix

25
Step 4 transcription:What is a stop signal?
-When RNA Polymerase reaches a sequence of DNA called a stop signal, It stops making mRNA and detaches from the DNA.
26
Step 4 transcription:Where does the mRNA move out of the nucleus from?
-Nuclear pores -Attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
27
Explain what happens during splicing?
-Introns are removed and the exons are joined together forming mRNA strands -Takes place in the nucleus -The mRNA then leaves the nucleus for translation
28
Why does splicing not take place in prokaryotic cells?
-mRNA is produced directly from the DNA -No introns in prokaryotic DNA
29
Where does translation take place in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
-The ribosomes, in the cytoplasm
30
What happens during translation?
-Amino acids are joined together to make a polypeptide chain, following the sequence of codons carried by the mRNA
31
What are the differences and similarities between DNA and RNA?
Differences: Sugars: -RNA+ribose -DNA+deoxyribose -Same chemical structure expect that ribsoe has a hydroxyl group on its 2nd carbon -RNA is single stranded -Rna is much shorter -RNA has uracil instead of thymine Similarities: -Both nucleic acids
32
What does mRNA stand for?
-Messenger RNA
33
What does tRNA stand for?
-Transfer RNA
34
What are the differences between mRNA and DNA?
mRNA is: -Single stranded -Small enough to leave the nucleus via nuclear pores -Ribose sugar -Uracil instead of thymine -Codons
35
What are introns?
-Regions of DNA which do not code or proteins
36
What are exons?
-Regions of DNA that code for proteins
37
Why do the introns need to be spiced out?
-To produce functional proteins
38
What molecule removes the introns?
-Spliceosome
39
What is pre-mRNA?
RNA that contains introns and exons
40
What is mature RNA?
RNA that only contains exons
41
Which strand moves in the 5'-3' direction?
-Template strand
42
Which strand moves in the 3'-5' direction?
-Coding strand/non template strand
43
Why is there a different number of nucleotides after transcription?
Introns are present in the DNA
44
How would copying bases more than once cause differentiation in the protein?
-Frameshift -Changes in the base sequence of later triplets/ amino acid codes
45
Which DNA sequence would be more slippery CCC-GGG-GGG or CCG-GGG-GGG?
CCG-GGG-GGG- G is present more times
46
Describe translation
-Condensation reaction takes place and phosphodiester bonds form between the nucleotides -mRNA strand leaves through the nuclear pores (in the nuclear envelope) and goes to the ribosome -tRNA molecules bring specific amino acids to the ribosomes -specific tRNA molecules for specific amino acids -anticodon of tRNA is complementary to codon on mRNA -peptide bonds form between the amino acids -tRNA detaches and collects another amino acid -ribosome moves along mRNA
47
What are the 3 roles of ATP in protein synthesis
-Provides energy required by the ribosome to move along the mRNA strand -tRNA molecules use it to deliver specific amino acids -ribosome detaches from the mRNA

Biology (85 decks)

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