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Biology > Topic 1 BIO MOLECULES- carbohydrates > Flashcards

Topic 1 BIO MOLECULES- carbohydrates Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is sugar?

A

A soluble carbohydrate (usually a monosaccharide or disaccharide)

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2
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Single (mono) sugar (saccharide) units

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3
Q

glucose+fructose

A

sucrose+water

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4
Q

glucose+galactose

A

lactose+water

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5
Q

What is the food test for starch

A

iodine solution/potassium iodide solution

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6
Q

What results do you get from the test for starch

A

positive- blue/black
negative- stays yellow/brown

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7
Q

What is the food test for sugar?

A
  • benedict’s
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8
Q

What are the results for a non reducing sugar?

A

stays blue

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9
Q

What are the results for a reducing sugar

A

sample forms a green or yellow or orange or brick red precipitate (the higher the concentration of reducing sugar the further the colour changes)

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10
Q

name 3 monosaccharides

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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11
Q

name 3 disaccarides

A

sucrose
maltose
lactose

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12
Q

name 3 polysaccharides

A

startch
glycogen
cellulose

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13
Q

is starch soluble or insoluble

A

insoluble

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14
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

stores energy for plants

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15
Q

Where is starch found and in what form

A

plants in the form of grains

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16
Q

What is a starch made up of

A

alpha glucose molecules linked together by glyosidic bonds

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17
Q

How are unbranched chains adapted for there function

A

coiled so can be stored in small cells

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18
Q

What forms a glucose which is used in respiration

A

hydrolose

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19
Q

How are branched chains adapted for their function

A

has many ends so can be broken off to form monomers more easily

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20
Q

Where is glycogen found

A

animal and bacterial cells

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21
Q

What are the differences between glycogen and starch

A

-Glycogen is more highly branched than starch (amylopectin)
-Glycogen branches every 10-15 glucose, amylopectin has branching every 25 glucose molecules

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22
Q

Is glycogen a major carbohydrate store in animals

A

yes

23
Q

Where is glycogen stored

A

small granules in muscles and liver

24
Q

Describe the structure and the function of cellulose?

A

-Betaglucose-inverted and normal glucose molecules form alternating glycosidic bonds to form straight, unbranched chains
-Hydrogen bonding- H bonds form between parallel strands, creating strong and stable molecules of cellulose
-Microfubrilis- parallel chains group to form microfibrils
-Fibrils- microfibrils group into fibrils that provide greater strength

25
Q

What is starch is made up of ?

A

Two polysacharides:
-amylose
-amylopectin

26
Q

What is amylose

A

unbranched chain of glucose molecules joined by 1’4 glycosidic bonds which as a result is coiled and stores a lot of energy compactly

27
Q

What is amylopectin

A

branched glucose molecules joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

28
Q

What happens at the end of the branches of amylopectin?

A

hydrolysis of the glycosidic bonds and they can be acted upon by enzymes and release energy

29
Q

What happens when starch is hydrolysed

A

A glucose can be transported easily

30
Q

What is a carbohydrate

A

molecules which consist of only carbon oxygen and hydrogen and they are long chains of sugar units called saccharides

31
Q

how is a glyosidic bond formed

A

a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides

32
Q

how are disaccharides formed

A

the condensation of two monosaccharides

33
Q

How is maltose formed

A

condensation of two glucose molecules

34
Q

how is sucrose formed

A

condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule

35
Q

how is lactose formed

A

condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule

36
Q

hoiw are polysaccarides formed

A

the condensation of many glucose units

37
Q

how is cellulose formed?

A

condensation of b glucose

38
Q

What is the unique bond?

A

-Glycosidic

39
Q

What do the 3 monosaccharides have in common?

A

-They are isomers of each other (they have the same chemical formula but the atoms are arranged differently)

40
Q

What is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose?

A

-Alpha glucose- OH is on the bottom right
-Beta glucose- H is on the bottom right

41
Q

What is the structure of starch?

A

-Compact, coiled structure- a lot of glucose can be stored in a small space
-Large insoluble- does not diffuse out of cells so does not affect osmotic pressure within the cell
-Easily hydrolysed to glucose- valuable for respiration
-Amylopectin branching- more sites for hydrolytic enzymes to work, therefore glucose can be released faster

42
Q

What is glycogen?

A

-Polysaccharide
-Made up of repeating alpha glucose units
-Only found in animal cells

43
Q

Why is cellulose different to the other 2 polysaccharides?

A

-Made up of glucose molecules rather than alpha-glucose

44
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

-A sugar that will donate electrons to another chemical therefore reducing the other substance

45
Q

What is oxidation

A

-The gain of oxygen
-The loss of electrons
-The loss of hydrogen

46
Q

What is reduction

A

-The loss of oxygen
-The gain of electrons
-The gain of hydrogen

47
Q

OIL RIG

A
48
Q

What is Benedict’s solution made up of?

A

-Alkaline solution of copper (II) sulfate

49
Q

What is the method for Benedict’s test for reducing sugars

A

-Add a sample in liquid form to a test tube
-Add an equal volume of benedicts reagent
-Heat in a boiling (100c) water bath for 5 mins

50
Q

What colour will the precipitate be if reducing sugars are present? Why?

A

-Red
-Because the copper II sulfate has been reduced to copper I oxide which is an insoluble red precipitate

51
Q

What is the method to test for non-reducing sugars?

A

-Carry out benedicts test ]
-Add dilute HCL and boil gently
-Add Na HCO3
-Retest the sample with benedicts solution

52
Q

How does the hydrochloric acid show results for a non-reducing sugar

A

-It hydrolyses any disaccharides into their monosaccharides, therefore showing a positive result in the second test
-The sodium hydrogen carbonate neutralises the hydrochloric acid

53
Q

What colour does the solution turn if there is a positive result for starch?

A

blue/black

Biology (50 decks)

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