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Biology > Topic 2- Eukaryotic cells and organelles+ specialised cells > Flashcards

Topic 2- Eukaryotic cells and organelles+ specialised cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Are Eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells more complex?

A

Eukaryotic

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2
Q

Give some examples of Eukaryotic cells

A

-Animal cells
-Plant cells
-Algal cells
-Fungal cells
-Epithelial cells

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3
Q

What are the extra organelles in plant cells?

A

-A cellulose cell wall with plasmodesmata (channels for exchanging substances between adjacent cells)
-A vacuole (fluid-filled compartment)
-Chloroplasts

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4
Q

What is the function of an algal cell?

A

Carry out photosynthesis but can be multicellular or unicellular

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5
Q

What is the main difference between plant cells and algal cells?

A

The chloroplasts are of different shapes and sizes

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6
Q

Are fungi cells multicellular or unicellular?

A

Both

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7
Q

What are the differences between plant cells and fungal cells?

A

-cell walls are made of chitin, not cellulose
-they don’t have chloroplasts as they don’t photosynthesise

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8
Q

What is the structure of a cell surface membrane?

A

-(also called the plasma membrane)
-The membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cell wall of other cells
-Phospholipid bilayer

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9
Q

What is the main function of the cell surface membrane?

A

-Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
-It also has receptor molecules on it which allow it to respond to chemicals such as hormones

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10
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

-A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane), which contains many pores
-The nucleus contains chromosomes which are made up of protein-bound linear DNA and one or more structures called a nucleolus

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11
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

-Controls the cell’s activities by controlling the transcription of DNA
-DNA contains the instructions to make proteins
-The pores allow substances (eg. RNA) to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
-The nucleus makes ribosomes

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12
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondrion?

A

-Usually oval-shaped
-Usually have a double membrane, the inner one is folded to form structures called cristae
-Inside is the matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration

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13
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

A

-The site of aerobic respiration
-Aerobic respiration produces ATP- a common energy source in the cell mitochondria are found in large numbers in cells that are very active and require a lot of energy

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14
Q

What is the structure of the chloroplast?

A

-A small, flattened structure found in plant cells and algal cells
-Surrounded by a double membrane and also has membranes called thylakoid membranes
-These membranes are stacked up in some parts of the chloroplast to form grana
-Grana are linked together by lamella which are thin, flat peices of thylakoid membranes

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15
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

-The site of photosynthesis
-Some parts of photosynthesis happen in the Grana and other parts happen in the stroma( a thick fluid found in the chloroplast)

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16
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A

-A group of fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs
-Vesicles are often seen at the edge of the sacs

17
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

-It processes and packages new lipids and proteins
-It also makes lysosomes

18
Q

What is the structure of a Golgi vesicle?

A

A small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane and produced by the Golgi apparatus

19
Q

What is the function of a Golgi vesicle?

A

-Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell (via the cell surface membrane)

20
Q

What is the structure of a lysosome?

A

`A round organelle surrounded by a membrane with no clear internal structure

21
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

-Contains hydrolytic enzymes
-These are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane and can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn-out components of the cell

22
Q

What is the structure of a ribosome?

A

-A very small organelle that floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
-It is made up of proteins and RNA
-It is not surrounded by a membrane

22
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

-Were proteins made/protein synthesis

23
Q

What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

-A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space
-The surface is covered with ribosomes

24
Q

What is the function of the RER?

A

-Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

25
Q

What is the structure of the Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A

-Same as RER but does not have ribosomes on the surface

26
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A

-Synthesises and processes lipids

27
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall?

A

-A rigid structure that surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi
-In plants and algae made mainly of the carbohydrate cellulose
-In fungi, it is made of chitin

28
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

-Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape

29
Q

What is the structure of a cell vacuole?(plants)

A

-A membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm
-Contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts
-The surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast

30
Q

What is the function of the cell vacuole?

A

-Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep the cell rigid, this stops the plant from wilting
-It is also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell

31
Q

What types of cells can become specialised to carry out specific functions?

A

Multicellular eukaryotic organisms

32
Q

Where are epithelial cells located and what are they specialised for?

A

-in the small intestine and are adapted to absorb food efficiently

33
Q

What are the adaptions of an epithelial cell?

A

-The walls of the small intestine have lots of villi which increase surface area for absorption
-The epithelial cells on the surface of the villi have folds in their cell surface membrane called microvilli which increase the surface area even further
-They also have lots of mitochondria to provide energy for the transport of digested food molecules in the cell

34
Q

What are the adaptions of red blood cells?

A

-Adapted to carry oxygen around the body
-They have no nucleus to make more room for the oxygen-carrying compound haemoglobin

35
Q

What are the adaptions of sperm cells?

A

-Contain lots of mitochondria to provide the large amounts of energy (ATP) they need to propel themselves towards the egg

36
Q

What is the chain of cell organisation?

A

specialised cells, tissues, organs, and organ system

37
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a group of cells working together to perform a particular function

Biology (42 decks)

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