Topic 3.6 - Cellular Respiration 𖦹⋆｡°✩ Flashcards
what two processes allow organisms to use energy stored in macromolecules
fermentation and cellular respiration
what is the purpose of fermentation/cellular respiration
release chemical energy from organic molecules like glucose
what is the main difference between fermentation and cellular respiration
oxygen is used in cellular respiration but not in fermentation
are fermentation and anaerobic respiration the same thing
no
what is cellular respiration
involves the release of chemical energy through the breakdown of glucose and creates an energy-storing molecule called ATP
what is the purpose of ATP
ATP is used by all cells to do biological work
what metabolic pathways does cellular respiration involve and where do they occur
༻ glycolysis - cytoplasm
༻ pyruvate oxidation - mitochondria
༻ krebs cycle - mitochondria
༻ electron transport - mitochondria
what does the ETC transfer
transfers energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions
where do ETC reactions occur
in the membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria, and in the cell membrane of prokaryotes
what does the ETC facilitate
facilitates a series of coupled reactions used during cellular respiration in order to allow for a more controlled and efficient transfer of energy
what does the ETC use to establish proton gradients
uses electron energy to establish proton gradients across membranes
how are electrons delivered to the ETC
delivered by electron carriers called NADH and FADH2 to the ETC
what synthesizes ATP
ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to synthesize ATP
are ETC reactions conserved processes
yes
where is the ETC located in eukaryotic cells
in the inner mitochondrial membrane and internal membrane of chloroplasts
where is the ETC located in prokaryotes
in the plasma membrane
what type of protein make up the ETC
membrane proteins
when does active transport of protons (H+) occur and what does it establish
occurs during ETC reactions, establishes an electrochemical gradient across the membrane
how are electrochemical gradients maintained
as a result of biological membrane impermeability to charged molecules/ions
how do protons move through ATP synthase
through chemiosmosis; protons diffuse along the gradient through ATP synthase to power ATP synthesis
what is oxidative phosphorylation
the process of making ATP using the stored energy of a proton gradient
what happens during the process of oxidative phosphorylation
༻ NADH and FADH2 lose high energy electrons to the ETC = oxidation
༻ ATP synthase adds an inorganic phosphate to ADP resulting in an ATP molecule = phosphorylation
what is glycolysis
a biochemical pathway that releases energy stored in glucose
what does glycolysis produce
results in the production of pyruvate, NADH, and ATP
where is pyruvate transported and how
pyruvate is actively transported through mitochondrial membranes into the matrix
how is pyruvate a part of the Krebs Cycle
pyruvate is oxidized and a product of pyruvate oxidation enters the cycle
what is another name for the Krebs Cycle
the Citric Acid Cycle
what are the key reactions involved in the Krebs Cycle
༻ CO2 is released from intermediate reactions
༻ high energy electrons are transferred to NADH and FADH2
༻ ADP is phosphorylated forming ATP
what happens once electrons are extracted in glycolysis and the krebs cycle
the electrons are transferred to the ETC
what products from glycolysis and the krebs cycle are used in the ETC
NADH created in glycolysis and NADH/FADH2 created in the krebs cycle donate electrons to the ETC
༻electrons are transferred between membrane proteins to the ETC
what process occurs when oxygen is absent
fermentation allows glycolysis to proceed in the absence of O2
what are byproducts of fermentation
ethanol and lactic acid
what happens when chemical bonds are broken
energy is released
when is ATP converted to ADP
when the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate is broken
what can the energy released from ATP hydrolysis power
can power many metabolic processes
