Topic 3.6 - Cellular Respiration 𖦹⋆｡°✩

Question 1

what two processes allow organisms to use energy stored in macromolecules

Answer 1

fermentation and cellular respiration

Question 2

what is the purpose of fermentation/cellular respiration

Answer 2

release chemical energy from organic molecules like glucose

Question 3

what is the main difference between fermentation and cellular respiration

Answer 3

oxygen is used in cellular respiration but not in fermentation

Question 4

are fermentation and anaerobic respiration the same thing

Answer 4

no

Question 5

what is cellular respiration

Answer 5

involves the release of chemical energy through the breakdown of glucose and creates an energy-storing molecule called ATP

Question 6

what is the purpose of ATP

Answer 6

ATP is used by all cells to do biological work

Question 7

what metabolic pathways does cellular respiration involve and where do they occur

Answer 7

༻ glycolysis - cytoplasm
༻ pyruvate oxidation - mitochondria
༻ krebs cycle - mitochondria
༻ electron transport - mitochondria

Question 8

what does the ETC transfer

Answer 8

transfers energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions

Question 9

where do ETC reactions occur

Answer 9

in the membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria, and in the cell membrane of prokaryotes

Question 10

what does the ETC facilitate

Answer 10

facilitates a series of coupled reactions used during cellular respiration in order to allow for a more controlled and efficient transfer of energy

Question 11

what does the ETC use to establish proton gradients

Answer 11

uses electron energy to establish proton gradients across membranes

Question 12

how are electrons delivered to the ETC

Answer 12

delivered by electron carriers called NADH and FADH2 to the ETC

Question 13

what synthesizes ATP

Answer 13

ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to synthesize ATP

Question 14

are ETC reactions conserved processes

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

where is the ETC located in eukaryotic cells

Answer 15

in the inner mitochondrial membrane and internal membrane of chloroplasts

Question 16

where is the ETC located in prokaryotes

Answer 16

in the plasma membrane

Question 17

what type of protein make up the ETC

Answer 17

membrane proteins

Question 18

when does active transport of protons (H+) occur and what does it establish

Answer 18

occurs during ETC reactions, establishes an electrochemical gradient across the membrane

Question 19

how are electrochemical gradients maintained

Answer 19

as a result of biological membrane impermeability to charged molecules/ions

Question 20

how do protons move through ATP synthase

Answer 20

through chemiosmosis; protons diffuse along the gradient through ATP synthase to power ATP synthesis

Question 21

what is oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 21

the process of making ATP using the stored energy of a proton gradient

Question 22

what happens during the process of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 22

༻ NADH and FADH2 lose high energy electrons to the ETC = oxidation
༻ ATP synthase adds an inorganic phosphate to ADP resulting in an ATP molecule = phosphorylation

Question 23

what is glycolysis

Answer 23

a biochemical pathway that releases energy stored in glucose

Question 24

what does glycolysis produce

Answer 24

results in the production of pyruvate, NADH, and ATP

Question 25

where is pyruvate transported and how

Answer 25

pyruvate is actively transported through mitochondrial membranes into the matric

Question 26

how is pyruvate a part of the Krebs Cycle

Answer 26

pyruvate is oxidized and a product of pyruvate oxidation enters the cycle

Question 27

what is another name for the Krebs Cycle

Answer 27

the Citric Acid Cycle

Question 28

what are the key reactions involved in the Krebs Cycle

Answer 28

༻ CO2 is released from intermediate reactions
༻ high energy electrons are transferred to NADH and FADH2
༻ ADP is phosphorylated forming ATP

Question 29

what happens once electrons are extracted in glycolysis and the krebs cycle

Answer 29

the electrons are transferred to the ETC

Question 30

what products from glycolysis and the krebs cycle are used in the ETC

Answer 30

NADH created in glycolysis and NADH/FADH2 created in the krebs cycle donate electrons to the ETC
༻electrons are transferred between membrane proteins to the ETC

Question 31

what process occurs when oxygen is absent

Answer 31

fermentation allows glycolysis to proceed in the absence of O2

Question 32

what are byproducts of fermentation

Answer 32

ethanol and lactic acid

Question 33

what happens when chemical bonds are broken

Answer 33

energy is released

Question 34

when is ATP converted to ADP

Answer 34

when the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate is broken

Question 35

what can the energy released from ATP hydrolysis power

Answer 35

can power many metabolic processes