Topic 1.5 - Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules 𖦹⋆｡°✩ Flashcards
what influences the structure of nucleic acid polymers
directionality of the subcomponents
what is the linear sequence of all nucleic acids characterized by
a 3’ hydroxyl and 5’ phosphate of the sugar in the nucleotide
what is DNA
a nucleic acid polymer containing 2 strands
what direction do the strands run in
they run in an antiparallel 5’-3’ direction
what are Adenine-Thymine base pairs held together by
A-T base pairs are held together by 2 hydrogen bonds
what are Guanine-Cytosine base pairs held together by
G-C base pairs are held together by 3 hydrogen bonds
what do hydrogen bonds between base pairs do for a DNA molecule
they stabilize the molecule’s structure
what is biological information encoded in
the linear sequence of nucleotides
what can a change to the sequence of nucleotides result in
a change to the sequences of nucleotides may lead to a change in the encoded information
during the synthesis of nucleic acid polymers, where are nucleotides added
to the 3’ end
what connects free nucleotides to the strand
covalent bonds
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what are proteins made of
linear chains of amino acids that have directionality with an amino and carboxyl terminus
what are amino acids connected by
connected by the formation of covalent bonds at the carboxyl terminus of the growing peptide chain
what are the 4 elements of protein structure
༻ primary structure
༻ secondary structure
༻ tertiary structure
༻ quaternary structure
what determines primary structure
the sequence of amino acids held together by covalent bonds, called peptide bonds
what leads to secondary structure
secondary structure arises through local folding of the amino acid chain into elements such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets
what is tertiary structure
the overall 3D shape of the protein and often minimizes free energy. it is the functional form for most proteins
what stabilizes proteins at the tertiary level
various types of bonds and interactions stabilize the protein at the level
what is quaternary structure
quaternary structure arises from the interactions between multiple polypeptide units
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what are carbohydrates
carbohydrates comprise linear chains of sugar monomers connected by covalent bonds
what can small direction changes in the components of a molecule result in
can result in functional differences
how can carbohydrate polymers be arranged
carbohydrate polymers can be linear or branched
what is the purpose of starch and glycogen
both function in energy storage
༻ starch in plants
༻ glycogen in vertebrates
what does directionality of the subcomponents influence?
༻ the structure of nucleic acid polymers
༻ the synthesis of nucleic acids
༻ the structure of proteins
༻ structure and function of carbohydrates
