Topic 1.5 - Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules 𖦹⋆｡°✩

Question 1

what influences the structure of nucleic acid polymers

Answer 1

directionality of the subcomponents

Question 2

what is the linear sequence of all nucleic acids characterized by

Answer 2

a 3’ hydroxyl and 5’ phosphate of the sugar in the nucleotide

Question 3

what is DNA

Answer 3

a nucleic acid polymer containing 2 strands

Question 4

what direction do the strands run in

Answer 4

they run in an antiparallel 5’-3’ direction

Question 5

what are Adenine-Thymine base pairs held together by

Answer 5

A-T base pairs are held together by 2 hydrogen bonds

Question 6

what are Guanine-Cytosine base pairs held together by

Answer 6

G-C base pairs are held together by 3 hydrogen bonds

Question 7

what do hydrogen bonds between base pairs do for a DNA molecule

Answer 7

they stabilize the molecule’s structure

Question 8

what is biological information encoded in

Answer 8

the linear sequence of nucleotides

Question 9

what can a change to the sequence of nucleotides result in

Answer 9

a change to the sequences of nucleotides may lead to a change in the encoded information

Question 10

during the synthesis of nucleic acid polymers, where are nucleotides added

Answer 10

to the 3’ end

Question 11

what connects free nucleotides to the strand

Answer 11

covalent bonds

Question 12

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Question 13

what do proteins make

Answer 13

proteins comprise linear chains of amino acids that have directionality with an amino and carboxyl terminus

Question 14

what are amino acids connected by

Answer 14

connected by the formation of covalent bonds at the carboxyl terminus of the growing peptide chain

Question 15

what are the 4 elements of protein structure

Answer 15

༻ primary structure
༻ secondary structure
༻ tertiary structure
༻ quaternary structure

Question 16

what determines primary structure

Answer 16

the sequence of amino acids held together by covalent bonds, called peptide bonds

Question 17

what leads to secondary structure

Answer 17

secondary structure arises through local folding of the amino acid chain into elements such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets

Question 18

what is tertiary structure

Answer 18

the overall 3D shape of the protein and often minimizes free energy. it is the functional form for most proteins

Question 19

what stabilizes proteins at the tertiary level

Answer 19

various types of bonds and interactions stabilize the protein at the level

Question 20

what is quaternary structure

Answer 20

quaternary structure arises from the interactions between multiple polypeptide units

Question 21

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Question 22

what do carbohydrates comprise

Answer 22

carbohydrates comprise linear chains of sugar monomers connected by covalent bonds

Question 23

what can small direction changes in the components of a molecule result in

Answer 23

can result in functional differences

Question 24

how can carbohydrate polymers be arranged

Answer 24

carbohydrate polymers can be linear or branched

Question 25

what is the purpose of starch and glycogen

Answer 25

both function in energy storage
༻ starch in plants
༻ glycogen in vertebrates

Question 26

what does directionality of the subcomponents influence?

Answer 26

༻ the structure of nucleic acid polymers
༻ the synthesis of nucleic acids
༻ the structure of proteins
༻ structure and function of carbohydrates