The Skeletal System

Question 1

axial skeleton

Answer 1

skull
vertebral column (backbone)
ribs (12 pairs)
sternum (breastbone)

Question 2

appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

pectoral and pelvic girdles

and their attached limbs (arms and legs)

Question 3

joint

Answer 3

where two bones meet

Question 4

synovial joint

Answer 4

a freely movable joint composed of synovial fluid and cartilage

Question 5

antagonistic pairs

Answer 5

pairs of muscles that pull against each other

have opposite effects

Question 6

osteoblasts

Answer 6

bone producing cells

Question 7

osteoclasts

Answer 7

located in bone marrow in medullary cavity
bone digesting cells
break down bone in the cavity and release calcium into bloodstream, controlled by parathormone
catabolic cells as they break down bone
osteoblasts then form bone to replace digested bone
produce collagen that is covered by parathormone

Question 8

ligament

Answer 8

strong fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone

Question 9

tendon

Answer 9

strong inelastic fibre that connects muscle to bone

Question 10

functions of skeleton

Answer 10

protection of internal organs eg skull
movement: muscles and bone
support: holds the body upright
manufacture of blood cells

Question 11

long bones

Answer 11

femur
tibia
fibula
humerus
radius
ulna

Question 12

skull

Answer 12

cranium

fused bones

Question 13

ribs

Answer 13

12 pairs
true ribs: 7 attached to sternum
false ribs: 3 attached to cartilage
floating ribs: 2 attached to spine

Question 14

vertebral column

Answer 14

made of 33 vertebrae

discs of cartilage in between

Question 15

cartilage

Answer 15

located at end of epiphysis
reduce friction
acts as shock absorber

Question 16

pectoral girdle

Answer 16

clavicle and scapula

attached limb - arm

Question 17

metacarpals

Answer 17

fingers (phalanges)

Question 18

pelvic girdle

Answer 18

hip joined to sacrum

attached limb - leg

Question 19

metatarsals

Answer 19

toes (phalanges)

Question 20

types of joint

Answer 20

immovable
slightly movable
movable

Question 21

immovable joint

Answer 21

bones are fused

eg skull, pelvis

Question 22

slightly movable joint

Answer 22

bones slide over each other

eg discs of cartilage between vertebrae of spine (protects nerves)

Question 23

movable joint

Answer 23

synovial
comprised of synovial membrane, synovial fluid and cartilage
eg
hinge - knee elbow, movement in one direction up and down
ball and socket - shoulder, hip, movement in all directions

Question 24

synovial joint functions

Answer 24

synovial membrane - secretes synovial fluid
synovial fluid - lubricates joint
cartilage - reduces friction by preventing bones rubbing against each other
ligament - holds bones together

Question 25

disorder of skeletal system

Answer 25

arthritis

Question 26

arthritis

Answer 26

inflammation in joints, resulting in swelling, warmth, pain and restricted movement
cause-
wear and tear, injury, old age, cartilage in synovial joints wears down
prevention-
care in selection of footwear for walking/running
avoid frequent weight bearing exercise
treatment-
physiotherapy
anti-inflammatory medication
severe cases, replacement of artificial joint

Question 27

muscles

Answer 27

types:
cardiac
smooth (digestive) (tire slowly)
skeletal (tire quickly)
arranged in pairs that work in opposite directions

Question 28

how antagonistic pairs work

Answer 28

bicep contracts (tricep relaxed) arm pulled upward
bicep relaxes (tricep contracts) arm pulled downward

Question 29

bone structure

Answer 29

epiphysis (head)
diaphysis (shaft)
periosteum
compact bone
spongy bone
medullary cavity
cartilage

Question 30

periosteum

Answer 30

tough fibrous membrane that contains osteoblasts, blood vessels and nerves

Question 31

compact bone

Answer 31

location: diaphysis, end of epiphysis
function: strength, flexibility
composition:
living- bone forming cells, protein (collagen)
non living- calcium salts
contains living cells, nourished by blood supply

Question 32

spongy bone

Answer 32

location: mainly the epiphysis
composition: a network of thin, bony bars and plates, along with spaces filled with marrow
function: gives strength to bone, red marrow makes blood cells

Question 33

medullary cavity

Answer 33

location: hollow in the centre of long bone

contains yellow bone marrow

Question 34

red bone marrow

Answer 34

produces blood cells:
RBCs
WBCs
platelets

Question 35

yellow bone marrow

Answer 35

stores fat

Question 36

bone growth

Answer 36

occurs at 8th week of embryonic development

Question 37

growth plate

Answer 37

what: disc of cartilage found at junction between epiphysis and the diaphysis of a bone
function: causes an increase in bone length by producing cartilage
stops functioning when adult is fully grown

Question 38

ossification

Answer 38

cartilage formed and turned into bone

Question 39

osteoblasts function

Answer 39

produce collagen which covers the cartilage produced, hardened by calcium and phosphate
protein gives flexibility

Question 40

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Answer 40

enlarge medullary cavity and thicken compact bone

Question 41

factors affecting bone renewal

Answer 41

exercise
hormones
diet

Question 42

exercise

Answer 42

weight bearing exercise stimulate osteoblasts

new bone formed where it is needed by osteoblasts, bones thicker and stronger

Question 43

hormones

Answer 43

parathormone
site of production: parathyroid
function: remove calcium from bone, raising calcium levels in blood
significance: calcium needed for nerve and muscle function, and to replace lost calcium in bones

Question 44

diet

Answer 44

calcium needed in the diet to replace calcium lost in bones