The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull
vertebral column (backbone)
ribs (12 pairs)
sternum (breastbone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral and pelvic girdles

and their attached limbs (arms and legs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

joint

A

where two bones meet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

synovial joint

A

a freely movable joint composed of synovial fluid and cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

antagonistic pairs

A

pairs of muscles that pull against each other

have opposite effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone producing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

osteoclasts

A

located in bone marrow in medullary cavity
bone digesting cells
break down bone in the cavity and release calcium into bloodstream, controlled by parathormone
catabolic cells as they break down bone
osteoblasts then form bone to replace digested bone
produce collagen that is covered by parathormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ligament

A

strong fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

tendon

A

strong inelastic fibre that connects muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

functions of skeleton

A

protection of internal organs eg skull
movement: muscles and bone
support: holds the body upright
manufacture of blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

long bones

A
femur
tibia
fibula
humerus
radius
ulna
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

skull

A

cranium

fused bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ribs

A

12 pairs
true ribs: 7 attached to sternum
false ribs: 3 attached to cartilage
floating ribs: 2 attached to spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

vertebral column

A

made of 33 vertebrae

discs of cartilage in between

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cartilage

A

located at end of epiphysis
reduce friction
acts as shock absorber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pectoral girdle

A

clavicle and scapula

attached limb - arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

metacarpals

A

fingers (phalanges)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

pelvic girdle

A

hip joined to sacrum

attached limb - leg

19
Q

metatarsals

A

toes (phalanges)

20
Q

types of joint

A

immovable
slightly movable
movable

21
Q

immovable joint

A

bones are fused

eg skull, pelvis

22
Q

slightly movable joint

A

bones slide over each other

eg discs of cartilage between vertebrae of spine (protects nerves)

23
Q

movable joint

A

synovial
comprised of synovial membrane, synovial fluid and cartilage
eg
hinge - knee elbow, movement in one direction up and down
ball and socket - shoulder, hip, movement in all directions

24
Q

synovial joint functions

A

synovial membrane - secretes synovial fluid
synovial fluid - lubricates joint
cartilage - reduces friction by preventing bones rubbing against each other
ligament - holds bones together

25
disorder of skeletal system
arthritis
26
arthritis
inflammation in joints, resulting in swelling, warmth, pain and restricted movement cause- wear and tear, injury, old age, cartilage in synovial joints wears down prevention- care in selection of footwear for walking/running avoid frequent weight bearing exercise treatment- physiotherapy anti-inflammatory medication severe cases, replacement of artificial joint
27
muscles
``` types: cardiac smooth (digestive) (tire slowly) skeletal (tire quickly) arranged in pairs that work in opposite directions ```
28
how antagonistic pairs work
``` bicep contracts (tricep relaxed) arm pulled upward bicep relaxes (tricep contracts) arm pulled downward ```
29
bone structure
``` epiphysis (head) diaphysis (shaft) periosteum compact bone spongy bone medullary cavity cartilage ```
30
periosteum
tough fibrous membrane that contains osteoblasts, blood vessels and nerves
31
compact bone
location: diaphysis, end of epiphysis function: strength, flexibility composition: living- bone forming cells, protein (collagen) non living- calcium salts contains living cells, nourished by blood supply
32
spongy bone
location: mainly the epiphysis composition: a network of thin, bony bars and plates, along with spaces filled with marrow function: gives strength to bone, red marrow makes blood cells
33
medullary cavity
location: hollow in the centre of long bone | contains yellow bone marrow
34
red bone marrow
produces blood cells: RBCs WBCs platelets
35
yellow bone marrow
stores fat
36
bone growth
occurs at 8th week of embryonic development
37
growth plate
what: disc of cartilage found at junction between epiphysis and the diaphysis of a bone function: causes an increase in bone length by producing cartilage stops functioning when adult is fully grown
38
ossification
cartilage formed and turned into bone
39
osteoblasts function
produce collagen which covers the cartilage produced, hardened by calcium and phosphate protein gives flexibility
40
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
enlarge medullary cavity and thicken compact bone
41
factors affecting bone renewal
exercise hormones diet
42
exercise
weight bearing exercise stimulate osteoblasts | new bone formed where it is needed by osteoblasts, bones thicker and stronger
43
hormones
parathormone site of production: parathyroid function: remove calcium from bone, raising calcium levels in blood significance: calcium needed for nerve and muscle function, and to replace lost calcium in bones
44
diet
calcium needed in the diet to replace calcium lost in bones