Monera Flashcards
saprophytic
organisms that obtain their food from dead organisms
parasitic
two organisms of different species live together where one benefits and causes harm to the other
photosynthetic
organisms that use sunlight to make their own food
chemosynthetic
organisms capable of making their own food using energy from a chemical reaction
aerobic respiration
release of energy from food in the presence of oxygen
anaerobic respiration
release of energy from food without oxygen
obligate anaerobes
organisms that cannot live or respire in the presence of oxygen
facultative anaerobes
organisms that can live and respire in the presence or absence of oxygen
limiting factor
slows down growth rate when in short supply
bioprocessing
the use of micro-organisms or their components such as enzymes to make useful products
bioreactor
a vessel in which cells, organisms or enzymes are placed in to manufacture specific products
batch culture
fixed amount of nutrient added at the start under ideal conditions, product is removed, bacteria go through all stages of the growth curve and the bioreactor is emptied and sterilised at the end of production
continuous flow
nutrient continuously fed into bioreactor under ideal conditions, bacteria go through log and stationary stages of growth and product is continuously removed
pathogen
disease causing micro organism
antibiotic
substance produced by micro organisms that stop the growth of, or kill, other micro organisms without damaging human tissue
antibiotic resistance
the ability of bacteria and other micro organisms to resist or inhibit the effects of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive
(ie they are not killed by the antibiotic)
bacteria profile
kingdom: monera
unicellular
prokaryotic
bacteria classification
round eg pneumonia, sore throat
rod eg tuberculosis, tetanus
spiral eg cholera, syphilis
bacteria cell wall function
shape and structure
bacteria cytoplasm function
contains ribosomes and storage granules
no mitochondria or chloroplasts
bacteria nuclear material function
single chromosome of DNA
bacteria capsule function
protection
composed of protein
bacteria flagella function
movement
bacteria plasmid function
circular piece of DNA containing few genes for drug resistance
used in genetic engineering
economic adv of bacteria
decomposers: break down organic material
nutrient recycling
production of antibiotics, genetically modified bacteria used for insulin
food production eg cheese, yoghurt
economic disadv of bacteria
cause disease eg food poisoning
food spoilage eg milk
types of heterotrophic nutrition
saprophytic
parasitic
types of autotrophic nutrition
photosynthetic
chemosynthetic
reproduction in bacteria
binary fission
asexual because it involves one parent and two identical daughter cells are formed
reproduction in bacteria outline
- DNA replicates
- the cell elongates
- DNA copies move to opposite sides
- cell wall grows to divide the cell in two
- two identical daughter bacteria cells formed
under what conditions do endospores form
unfavourable/adverse external conditions
example:
unsuitable temp, pH, lack of oxygen
outline endospore formation
- DNA replicates
- cell contents shrink (water is lost)
- tough outer coat encloses DNA
- suitable conditions eg temp 20º-30º:
- endospore absorbs water
- wall breaks down
- chromosomes can replicate again
factors affecting the growth of bacteria
temp pH external solute concentration oxygen concentration pressure
bacterial growth : temp
favourable : 20º-30º
low temp: slows down rate of enzyme reactions so slow down growth
bacterial growth : pH
favourable: neutral 7
bacterial growth : external solute concentration
gain or lose water by osmosis: if external solute concentration is higher, bacteria will lose water due to osmosis
bacterial growth : oxygen concentration
amount of o2 available affects respiration rate aerobic bacteria eg streptococcus anaerobic bacteria: -facultative eg e. coli -obligate eg clostridium tetani
bacterial growth : pressure
unfavourable: high pressure inhibits bacterial growth
growth curve of bacteria
lag log stationary decline survival
lag phase
numbers: constant, no increase
low reproductive rate
bacteria are adapting to environment, obtaining nutrients
log phase
numbers: rapid increase over short period of time
the rate of reproduction is at max
ideal conditions available
stationary phase
numbers: level off
nutrients are becoming used up
toxic wastes accumulating
birth rate = death rate
decline phase
numbers: decline rapidly
death rate greater than birth rate
toxic wastes kill micro organisms
survival phase : after death phase
numbers: small number survive
development of endospores; bacteria can then remain dormant until suitable conditions arise
growth phases of bacteria during batch culture
all stages
eg production of yoghurt, antibiotics
growth phases of bacteria during continuous flow
log phase: fastest rate of growth and production
used less often than batch as is difficult and expensive to maintain constant supply of nutrients
eg production of single celled protein
how antibiotic resistance is caused
not completing a full course of antibiotics or misusing them
how antibiotic resistance develops
bacteria mutate after forming endospores and acquire resistance
antibiotic resistant bacteria survive
antibiotic resistant bacteria reproduce and pass on the resistant plasmid to future generations to become a resistant population
people with weaker immune systems are more prone to infection
