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Biology Leaving Cert > Monera > Flashcards

Monera Flashcards

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1
Q

saprophytic

A

organisms that obtain their food from dead organisms

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2
Q

parasitic

A

two organisms of different species live together where one benefits and causes harm to the other

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3
Q

photosynthetic

A

organisms that use sunlight to make their own food

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4
Q

chemosynthetic

A

organisms capable of making their own food using energy from a chemical reaction

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5
Q

aerobic respiration

A

release of energy from food in the presence of oxygen

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6
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

release of energy from food without oxygen

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7
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

organisms that cannot live or respire in the presence of oxygen

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8
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

organisms that can live and respire in the presence or absence of oxygen

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9
Q

limiting factor

A

slows down growth rate when in short supply

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10
Q

bioprocessing

A

the use of micro-organisms or their components such as enzymes to make useful products

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11
Q

bioreactor

A

a vessel in which cells, organisms or enzymes are placed in to manufacture specific products

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12
Q

batch culture

A

fixed amount of nutrient added at the start under ideal conditions, product is removed, bacteria go through all stages of the growth curve and the bioreactor is emptied and sterilised at the end of production

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13
Q

continuous flow

A

nutrient continuously fed into bioreactor under ideal conditions, bacteria go through log and stationary stages of growth and product is continuously removed

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14
Q

pathogen

A

disease causing micro organism

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15
Q

antibiotic

A

substance produced by micro organisms that stop the growth of, or kill, other micro organisms without damaging human tissue

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16
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

the ability of bacteria and other micro organisms to resist or inhibit the effects of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive
(ie they are not killed by the antibiotic)

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17
Q

bacteria profile

A

kingdom: monera
unicellular
prokaryotic

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18
Q

bacteria classification

A

round eg pneumonia, sore throat
rod eg tuberculosis, tetanus
spiral eg cholera, syphilis

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19
Q

bacteria cell wall function

A

shape and structure

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20
Q

bacteria cytoplasm function

A

contains ribosomes and storage granules

no mitochondria or chloroplasts

21
Q

bacteria nuclear material function

A

single chromosome of DNA

22
Q

bacteria capsule function

A

protection

composed of protein

23
Q

bacteria flagella function

A

movement

24
Q

bacteria plasmid function

A

circular piece of DNA containing few genes for drug resistance
used in genetic engineering

25
Q

economic adv of bacteria

A

decomposers: break down organic material
nutrient recycling
production of antibiotics, genetically modified bacteria used for insulin
food production eg cheese, yoghurt

26
Q

economic disadv of bacteria

A

cause disease eg food poisoning

food spoilage eg milk

27
Q

types of heterotrophic nutrition

A

saprophytic

parasitic

28
Q

types of autotrophic nutrition

A

photosynthetic

chemosynthetic

29
Q

reproduction in bacteria

A

binary fission

asexual because it involves one parent and two identical daughter cells are formed

30
Q

reproduction in bacteria outline

A
  1. DNA replicates
  2. the cell elongates
  3. DNA copies move to opposite sides
  4. cell wall grows to divide the cell in two
  5. two identical daughter bacteria cells formed
31
Q

under what conditions do endospores form

A

unfavourable/adverse external conditions
example:
unsuitable temp, pH, lack of oxygen

32
Q

outline endospore formation

A
  1. DNA replicates
  2. cell contents shrink (water is lost)
  3. tough outer coat encloses DNA
  4. suitable conditions eg temp 20º-30º:
    - endospore absorbs water
    - wall breaks down
    - chromosomes can replicate again
33
Q

factors affecting the growth of bacteria

A 
temp
pH
external solute concentration
oxygen concentration
pressure
34
Q

bacterial growth : temp

A

favourable : 20º-30º

low temp: slows down rate of enzyme reactions so slow down growth

35
Q

bacterial growth : pH

A

favourable: neutral 7

36
Q

bacterial growth : external solute concentration

A

gain or lose water by osmosis: if external solute concentration is higher, bacteria will lose water due to osmosis

37
Q

bacterial growth : oxygen concentration

A 
amount of o2 available affects respiration rate 
aerobic bacteria eg streptococcus
anaerobic bacteria:
-facultative eg e. coli
-obligate eg clostridium tetani
38
Q

bacterial growth : pressure

A

unfavourable: high pressure inhibits bacterial growth

39
Q

growth curve of bacteria

A 
lag
log
stationary
decline
survival
40
Q

lag phase

A

numbers: constant, no increase
low reproductive rate
bacteria are adapting to environment, obtaining nutrients

41
Q

log phase

A

numbers: rapid increase over short period of time
the rate of reproduction is at max
ideal conditions available

42
Q

stationary phase

A

numbers: level off
nutrients are becoming used up
toxic wastes accumulating
birth rate = death rate

43
Q

decline phase

A

numbers: decline rapidly
death rate greater than birth rate
toxic wastes kill micro organisms

44
Q

survival phase : after death phase

A

numbers: small number survive

development of endospores; bacteria can then remain dormant until suitable conditions arise

45
Q

growth phases of bacteria during batch culture

A

all stages

eg production of yoghurt, antibiotics

46
Q

growth phases of bacteria during continuous flow

A

log phase: fastest rate of growth and production
used less often than batch as is difficult and expensive to maintain constant supply of nutrients
eg production of single celled protein

47
Q

how antibiotic resistance is caused

A

not completing a full course of antibiotics or misusing them

48
Q

how antibiotic resistance develops

A

bacteria mutate after forming endospores and acquire resistance
antibiotic resistant bacteria survive
antibiotic resistant bacteria reproduce and pass on the resistant plasmid to future generations to become a resistant population
people with weaker immune systems are more prone to infection

Biology Leaving Cert (34 decks)

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