Monera

Question 1

saprophytic

Answer 1

organisms that obtain their food from dead organisms

Question 2

parasitic

Answer 2

two organisms of different species live together where one benefits and causes harm to the other

Question 3

photosynthetic

Answer 3

organisms that use sunlight to make their own food

Question 4

chemosynthetic

Answer 4

organisms capable of making their own food using energy from a chemical reaction

Question 5

aerobic respiration

Answer 5

release of energy from food in the presence of oxygen

Question 6

anaerobic respiration

Answer 6

release of energy from food without oxygen

Question 7

obligate anaerobes

Answer 7

organisms that cannot live or respire in the presence of oxygen

Question 8

facultative anaerobes

Answer 8

organisms that can live and respire in the presence or absence of oxygen

Question 9

limiting factor

Answer 9

slows down growth rate when in short supply

Question 10

bioprocessing

Answer 10

the use of micro-organisms or their components such as enzymes to make useful products

Question 11

bioreactor

Answer 11

a vessel in which cells, organisms or enzymes are placed in to manufacture specific products

Question 12

batch culture

Answer 12

fixed amount of nutrient added at the start under ideal conditions, product is removed, bacteria go through all stages of the growth curve and the bioreactor is emptied and sterilised at the end of production

Question 13

continuous flow

Answer 13

nutrient continuously fed into bioreactor under ideal conditions, bacteria go through log and stationary stages of growth and product is continuously removed

Question 14

pathogen

Answer 14

disease causing micro organism

Question 15

antibiotic

Answer 15

substance produced by micro organisms that stop the growth of, or kill, other micro organisms without damaging human tissue

Question 16

antibiotic resistance

Answer 16

the ability of bacteria and other micro organisms to resist or inhibit the effects of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive
(ie they are not killed by the antibiotic)

Question 17

bacteria profile

Answer 17

kingdom: monera
unicellular
prokaryotic

Question 18

bacteria classification

Answer 18

round eg pneumonia, sore throat
rod eg tuberculosis, tetanus
spiral eg cholera, syphilis

Question 19

bacteria cell wall function

Answer 19

shape and structure

Question 20

bacteria cytoplasm function

Answer 20

contains ribosomes and storage granules

no mitochondria or chloroplasts

Question 21

bacteria nuclear material function

Answer 21

single chromosome of DNA

Question 22

bacteria capsule function

Answer 22

protection

composed of protein

Question 23

bacteria flagella function

Answer 23

movement

Question 24

bacteria plasmid function

Answer 24

circular piece of DNA containing few genes for drug resistance
used in genetic engineering

Question 25

economic adv of bacteria

Answer 25

decomposers: break down organic material nutrient recycling production of antibiotics, genetically modified bacteria used for insulin food production eg cheese, yoghurt

Question 26

economic disadv of bacteria

Answer 26

cause disease eg food poisoning | food spoilage eg milk

Question 27

types of heterotrophic nutrition

Answer 27

saprophytic | parasitic

Question 28

types of autotrophic nutrition

Answer 28

photosynthetic | chemosynthetic

Question 29

reproduction in bacteria

Answer 29

binary fission | asexual because it involves one parent and two identical daughter cells are formed

Question 30

reproduction in bacteria outline

Answer 30

1. DNA replicates 2. the cell elongates 3. DNA copies move to opposite sides 4. cell wall grows to divide the cell in two 5. two identical daughter bacteria cells formed

Question 31

under what conditions do endospores form

Answer 31

unfavourable/adverse external conditions example: unsuitable temp, pH, lack of oxygen

Question 32

outline endospore formation

Answer 32

1. DNA replicates 2. cell contents shrink (water is lost) 3. tough outer coat encloses DNA 4. suitable conditions eg temp 20º-30º: - endospore absorbs water - wall breaks down - chromosomes can replicate again

Question 33

factors affecting the growth of bacteria

Answer 33

``` temp pH external solute concentration oxygen concentration pressure ```

Question 34

bacterial growth : temp

Answer 34

favourable : 20º-30º | low temp: slows down rate of enzyme reactions so slow down growth

Question 35

bacterial growth : pH

Answer 35

favourable: neutral 7

Question 36

bacterial growth : external solute concentration

Answer 36

gain or lose water by osmosis: if external solute concentration is higher, bacteria will lose water due to osmosis

Question 37

bacterial growth : oxygen concentration

Answer 37

``` amount of o2 available affects respiration rate aerobic bacteria eg streptococcus anaerobic bacteria: -facultative eg e. coli -obligate eg clostridium tetani ```

Question 38

bacterial growth : pressure

Answer 38

unfavourable: high pressure inhibits bacterial growth

Question 39

growth curve of bacteria

Answer 39

``` lag log stationary decline survival ```

Question 40

lag phase

Answer 40

numbers: constant, no increase low reproductive rate bacteria are adapting to environment, obtaining nutrients

Question 41

log phase

Answer 41

numbers: rapid increase over short period of time the rate of reproduction is at max ideal conditions available

Question 42

stationary phase

Answer 42

numbers: level off nutrients are becoming used up toxic wastes accumulating birth rate = death rate

Question 43

decline phase

Answer 43

numbers: decline rapidly death rate greater than birth rate toxic wastes kill micro organisms

Question 44

survival phase : after death phase

Answer 44

numbers: small number survive | development of endospores; bacteria can then remain dormant until suitable conditions arise

Question 45

growth phases of bacteria during batch culture

Answer 45

all stages | eg production of yoghurt, antibiotics

Question 46

growth phases of bacteria during continuous flow

Answer 46

log phase: fastest rate of growth and production used less often than batch as is difficult and expensive to maintain constant supply of nutrients eg production of single celled protein

Question 47

how antibiotic resistance is caused

Answer 47

not completing a full course of antibiotics or misusing them

Question 48

how antibiotic resistance develops

Answer 48

bacteria mutate after forming endospores and acquire resistance antibiotic resistant bacteria survive antibiotic resistant bacteria reproduce and pass on the resistant plasmid to future generations to become a resistant population people with weaker immune systems are more prone to infection