Plant Structure

Question 1

functions of the root

Answer 1

1. anchor
2. absorb and transport nutrients:
   water (osmosis)
   nutrients (diffusion/active transport)
3. storage

Question 2

types of root

Answer 2

tap root:
one main root growing from the radicle
eg dandelion

fibrous root:
many equal sized roots arising from stem base eg daffodil, grass

adventitious:
dont grow from the radicle
eg onion base

Question 3

root structure

Answer 3

differentiation zone: cells develop into the types of tissue: dermal, ground, vascular

elongation zone: cells grow in length

meristematic zone: cell production, growth of new cells by mitosis

protection zone: a root cap protects the cells as the root pushes through the soil

Question 4

dermal tissue function and location

Answer 4

outer covering

protection

Question 5

xylem tissue function and location

Answer 5

vascular bundle

transport water and minerals

Question 6

phloem tissue function and location

Answer 6

vascular bundle

transport food

Question 7

ground tissue function and location

Answer 7

between dermal and vascular

photosynthesis/store food

Question 8

leaf functions

Answer 8

photosynthesis
transpiration
gas exchange

Question 9

leaf structure

Answer 9

flattened leaf blade = lamina
petiole = leaf stalk
no petiole= sessile

Question 10

location of vascular bundle in the leaf

Answer 10

midrib and veins

Question 11

venation

Answer 11

parallel: veins run along side one another

net/reticulate: branching of veins

Question 12

flower function

Answer 12

sexual reproduction

Question 13

classification of plants

Answer 13

cotyledon- embryonic seed leaf
monocot - one embryonic seed leaf
eg bluebells, grass
dicot- two embryonic seeds leaves
eg sunflower, buttercup

Question 14

monocot explained

Answer 14

one cotyledon
vascular bundle in stem : scattered
leaf venation : parallel
number of flower parts: in threes
woody or herbaceous: almost all HERB

Question 15

dicot explained

Answer 15

two cotyledon 
vascular bundle in leaf: ring pattern
leaf venation: netted
number of flower parts: in fours and fives
woody or herbaceous: either

Question 16

stem functions

Answer 16

support the aerial parts of the plant
transport water and minerals from roots to leaves
transport food from leaves to roots
photosynthesis (green stems only)

Question 17

structure of stem

Answer 17

apical bud: meristem, location of cell division
leaf scar: where leaf has fallen
scale scar: where apical bud was last year
lateral bud: grows side branches
lenticels: openings on stem, site of gas exchange

Question 18

types of xylem

Answer 18

xylem tracheids

xylem vessels

Question 19

xylem tracheids

Answer 19

hollow
long and tapered
dead cells overlapping
pits: pores that allow water to pass through
lignin: strengthening material

where found: pine trees

Question 20

xylem vessels

Answer 20

dead cells joined end to end
wider, continuous tube not tapered

where found: flowering plants
more efficient than tracheids

Question 21

phloem structure

Answer 21

sieve tube cells: transport food
companion cells : living cells, contain nucleus to control sieve tube activities
sieve plates: contain pores for movement of substances
cellulose instead of lignin in cell walls

Question 22

experiment: to prepare and examine a transverse section of a dicot stem

Answer 22

plant used: sunflower
why herbaceous: easier to cut

1. cut a short thin section of a stem using a scalpel
   why thin: so light can pass through the sample to see it more clearly
2. store the samples in a petri dish with some water (prevents it drying out)
3. transfer sample to a clean slide using paint brush
4. add a few drops of water and place a coverslip on at an angle
5. observe the sample starting with the lowest power objective lens